International Shipping of cargo

A industry to transport cargo. The industry has seen an increase as China and the far east have grow in wealth. As the developed areas take in the export drive of these nations. This has caused an in construction of Shipping, and increase in cost of commodities.

The International Register of Shipping (IRS) was established in 1993, and is an independent classification society to provide classification, certification, verification and advisory services. In addition to being a normal classification society, IRS is able to offer a broad range of technological and economical beneficial maritime consulting services well suited for ship owners and other stakeholders within the maritime market.

A flag of convenience is a flag of one country, flown by a ship owned by a citizen of another country. The ship owner can thereby often avoid taxes and make registration easier; the country providing the flag charges money for that service. The International Transport Workers' Federation (ITF) maintains a list of nations that use their flag for this purpose.

Supercargo is a term in maritime law (adapted from Spanish sobrecargo, one over or in charge of a cargo) to refers to a person employed on board a vessel by the owner of cargo carried on the ship. The duties of a supercargo include managing the cargo owner's trade, selling merchandise at the ports to which the vessel is sailing, and buying and receiving goods to be carried on the return voyage.

He or she has control of the cargo unless limited by his contract or other agreement. Because a supercargo sails from port to port with a vessel to which he is attached, he differs from a factor, who has a fixed place of residence at a port or other trading place.

Admiralty law (also referred to as maritime law) is a distinct body of law which governs maritime questions and offenses. It is a body of private international law governing the relationships between private entities which operate vessels on the oceans. It is distinguished from the Law of the Sea, which is a body of public international law dealing with navigational rights, mineral rights, jurisdiction over coastal waters and international law governing relationships between nations.

Norwegian International Ship Register: NIS is a separate Norwegian ship register for Norwegian vessels aimed at competing with flags of convenience registers like Panama, Liberia etc. Originally proposed by Erling Dekke Næss in 1984 it was established in Bergen in 1987.

In the years before the register had been established the Norwegian register lost out as it could not compete with lower paid seamen. It was to Maintain shipping industry under Norwegian flag. Provide better competitive conditions for the Norwegian merchant fleet in worldwide trade.
Initiate registration requirements in accordance with Norway's obligations under international agreements, (especially UN, IMO & ILO). Maintain a Norwegian fleet that could give greater employment opportunities to Norwegian seaman than a foreign flagged fleet.
Restrict the types of vessels that may be registered.
Limit the trading areas allowed. (NIS vessels cannot trade cargo between Norwegian ports or carry passengers on a regular basis to or from Norwegian ports.)
The register has been highly successful and in 2002 there were 880 vessels in the register with a total of ca. 21.2 million GRT. (39 million DWT.).

blockade is any effort to prevent supplies, troops, information or aid from reaching an opposing force. Blockades are the cornerstone to nearly all military campaigns and the tool of choice for economic warfare on an opposing nation.

Innocent passage is a concept in Admiralty law which allows for a vessel to pass through the territorial waters of another state subject to certain restrictions.

A port operator is port authority or company that contracts with the port authority to move cargo through a port at a contracted minimum level of productivity. They may be state-owned or privately run.

The work involves managing the movement of cargo containers between cargo ships, trucks and freight trains and optimizing the flow of goods through customs to minimize the amount of time a ship spends in port. Maintaining efficiency involves managing and upgrading gantry cranes, berths, waterways, roads, storage facilities, communication equipment, computer systems and dockworkers' union contracts. A port operator also manages paperwork, leases, safety and port security.

There are arguments over use of port, and routes.

In 2003 Foreign shipping companies resumed operations from the Bangladeshi port of Chittagong, after a four day boycott forced a government change a controversial law favouring local vessels. The case had been brought by a cartel of local shipping owners, the BBC's correspondent says, in the hope of enforcing the rule that foreign ships should ask permission before loading or unloading at the country's biggest port.

Piracy can be an issue in some areas such as of the coast of states. An increase in piracy off the Indian Ocean coast of Somalia has made these waters the most dangerous for pirate activities.

In 2006 the Suez canal was blocked by cargo ship, a 93,000-tonne Hong Kong-flagged ship drifted from its path and became wedged across the canal as it travelled from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean. The Suez is one of Egypt's main sources of revenue. Lost income was said to be $7m for each day..

http://www.icc-ccs.org/ ICC Commercial Crime Services The International Maritime Burea: a specialised bureau of the International Chamber of Commerce.

The IMB's responsibilities lie in fighting crimes related to maritime trade and transportation, particularly piracy and commercial fraud, and in protecting the crews of ocean-going vessels. It publishes a weekly piracy report and maintains a 24-hour piracy reporting centre in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

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