Gandhi (film)

Gandhi (1982) is a multi-award-winning biopic film about the life of Mahatma Gandhi, who was leader of the nonviolent resistance movement against British colonial rule in India during the first half of the 20th century. The film was directed by Richard Attenborough and stars Ben Kingsley as Gandhi; both won Academy Awards for their work on the film.

It was an international co-production between production companies in India and the UK. The film premiered in New Delhi on November 30, 1982.

The film opens with a statement from the filmmakers explaining their approach to the problem of filming Gandhi's complex life story:

“ No man's life can be encompassed in one telling... least of all Gandhi’s, whose passage through life was so entwined with his nation’s struggle for freedom. There is no way to give each event its allotted weight, to recount the deeds and sacrifices of all the great men and women to whom he and India owe such immense debts. What can be done is to be faithful in spirit to the record of his journey, and to try to find one's way to the heart of the man ... ”

The film begins with Gandhi's assassination and funeral on January 30, 1948. After an evening prayer, an elderly Gandhi is helped out for his evening walk to meet a large number of greeters and admirers. One of these visitors shoots him point blank in the chest. Gandhi exclaims, "Oh, God!" in the film ("Hé Ram!" historically), and then falls dead. The film then cuts to a huge procession at his massive funeral, which is attended by dignitaries from around the world.

The early life of Gandhi is neither seen nor mentioned. Instead, the story flashes back to a life-changing event: in 1893, Gandhi is thrown off a South African train for being a "coolie" and traveling in a first class compartment (which he paid for). Gandhi realizes that the laws are biased against Indians and decides to start a non-violent protest campaign for the rights of all Indians in South Africa. After numerous arrests and the unwanted attention of the world, the government finally relents by recognizing rights for Indians, though not for the native blacks of South Africa.

After this victory, Gandhi is invited back to India, where he is now considered something of a national hero. He is urged to take up the fight for India's independence from Great Britain. Gandhi agrees, and mounts a non-violent non-cooperation campaign of unprecedented scale, coordinating millions of Indians nationwide. There are some setbacks, such as violence against the protesters and Gandhi's occasional imprisonment.

Nevertheless, the campaign generates great attention, and Britain faces intense public pressure. Too weak from World War II to continue enforcing its will in India, Britain finally grants India's independence. Indians celebrate this victory, but their troubles are far from over. Religious tensions between Hindus and Muslims erupt into nation-wide violence. Gandhi declares a hunger strike, saying he will not eat until the fighting stops.

The fighting does stop eventually, but the country is divided. It is decided that the northwest area of India, and eastern part of India (current day Bangladesh), both places where Muslims are in the majority, will become a new country called Pakistan (West and East Pakistan respectively). It is hoped that by encouraging the Muslims to live in a separate country, violence will abate. Gandhi is opposed to the idea, and is even willing to allow Mohammed Ali Jinnah to become the first prime minister of India, but the Partition of India is carried out nevertheless.

Gandhi spends his last days trying to bring about peace between both nations, however these actions anger many dissidents on both sides, one of whom finally gets close enough to assassinate him.

Production
Shooting began on 1980-11-26 and ended on 1981-05-10. Approximately 300,000 extras were used in the funeral scene, the most for any film according to Guinness World Records.

Cast
During pre-production, there was much speculation as to who would play the role of Gandhi. The choice was Ben Kingsley who is partly of Indian heritage (his birth name is Krishna Bhanji). Casting director for the film was Dolly Thakore, an Indian theatre actress who later went on to be casting director in several British Indian films.

Ben Kingsley as Mahatma Gandhi
Rohini Hattangadi as Kasturba Gandhi
Candice Bergen as Margaret Bourke-White
Roshan Seth as Pandit Nehru
Saeed Jaffrey as Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
Alyque Padamsee as Mohammad Ali Jinnah
Amrish Puri as Khan
Martin Sheen as Vince Walker
Ian Charleson as Reverend Charlie Andrews
Edward Fox as Brigadier General Dyer
Geraldine James as Mirabehn (Madeleine Slade)
John Gielgud as Lord Irwin
Trevor Howard as Judge Broomfield
John Mills as Lord Chelmsford
Nigel Hawthorne as Kinnoch
Athol Fugard as Gen. Jan Christiaan Smuts
Richard Leech as Brigadier
Daniel Day Lewis as Colin, South African street thug
Supriya Pathak as Manu (Gandhi's niece)
Neena Gupta as Abhu (Gandhi's niece)
Pankaj Kapur as Pyarelal
Alok Nath as Tyeb Mohammed
Mohan Agashe as Tyeb Mohammed's friend
Dalip Tahil as Zia
Jalal Agha as Passenger on train roof
Shreeram Lagoo as Professor Gokhale
Om Puri as Nihari
Tom Alter as Doctor at Agha Khan's palace
John Ratzenberger as Bourke-White's military escort

Ratings
The film is rated PG in the UK for violence, language, and for thematic elements.

Awards
Gandhi received eight Academy Awards:

Best Picture
Best Actor - Ben Kingsley
Best Director - Richard Attenborough.
Best Art Direction - Stuart Craig, Bob Laing, Michael Seirton
Best Cinematography - Billy Williams, Ronnie Taylor
Best Costume Design - Bhanu Athaiya, John Mollo
Best Editing - John Bloom
Best Original Screenplay - John Briley
It also received nominations for:

Best Makeup - Tom Smith
Best Original Score - Ravi Shankar, George Fenton
Best Sound - Gerry Humphreys, Robin O'Donoghue, Jonathan Bates, Simon Kaye
The film also won best picture awards from BAFTA and the National Board of Review as well as six Golden Globes including Best Foreign Film.

Precursors
This film had been Richard Attenborough's dream project, although two previous attempts at filming had been attempted and failed. In 1952, Gabriel Pascal secured an agreement with the Prime Minister of India (Pandit Nehru) to produce a film of Gandhi's life. However, Pascal died in 1954 before preparations were completed.[citation needed] Later David Lean and Sam Spiegel planned to make a film about Gandhi after completing Bridge on the River Kwai (1957), reportedly with Alec Guinness as Gandhi. Ultimately, the project was abandoned in favour of Lawrence of Arabia (1962).[citation needed]

Popular culture references
The 1989 "Weird Al" Yankovic movie UHF features a parody movie trailer for Gandhi II, which portrays Gandhi as a character similar to John Shaft.
In The 40-Year Old Virgin, two characters discuss smoking marijuana then viewing the film. They later regret watching it because the smoking will give them the munchies, whereas Gandhi is starving himself, so they feel guilty eating something.
In State and Main a character is heard asking someone over the phone if they've seen the grosses for Gandhi 2.
The Leftover Crack song "So You Wanna Be A Cop" samples bits and pieces from the "Not My Obedience" speech in the movie.
Nas mentions the movie in his song "The World Is Yours" off of his critically acclaimed debut album Illmatic.

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