James Bond - just the facts

007 James Bond, is a fictional British agent created in 1952 by writer Ian Fleming, featured in twelve novels, two anthologies & a film series. After Fleming's death in 1964, subsequent James Bond novels were written by Kingsley Amis (as Robert Markham), John Pearson, John Gardner, Raymond Benson & Charlie Higson. Moreover, Christopher Wood novelised two screenplays, while other writers have authored unofficial versions of the secret agent character.

Initially famed through the best selling novels, James Bond is best known from the EON Productions film series, twenty-one of which have been made as of 2007. The 22nd EON-produced Bond adventure is currently in production. In addition there have been two independent feature productions (a 1967 spoof & 1983's Never Say Never Again) & one Fleming-licensed American television adaptation of the first novel, aired in 1954. The EON Productions films are generally described as the "official" films originating with the purchase of the James Bond film rights by eventual producer Harry Saltzman in the late 1950s when Bond was a popular novel series; this term is used throughout this article.

Ian Fleming's creation & inspiration
James Bond (character) & Inspirations for James Bond 007

Commander James Bond, CMG, RNVR is an agent of the British Secret Intelligence Service ( SIS ) (more commonly, MI6 ). He was created in January 1952, by British journalist Ian Fleming while on holiday at his Jamaican estate, Goldeneye. The hero, 'James Bond', was named after an American ornithologist, a Caribbean bird expert & author of the definitive field guide book Birds of the West Indies. Fleming, a keen birdwatcher, had a copy of Bond's field guide at Goldeneye. Of the name, Fleming once said in a Reader's Digest interview, "I wanted the simplest, dullest, plainest-sounding name I could find, 'James Bond' was much better than something more interesting, like 'Peregrine Carruthers' . Exotic things would happen to & around him, but he would be a neutral figure — an anonymous, blunt instrument wielded by a Government Department."

Nevertheless, news sources speculated about real spies or other covert agents after whom James Bond might have been named. Although they are similar to Bond, Fleming confirmed none as the source figure, nor did Ian Fleming Publications nor any of Fleming's biographers, such as John Pearson or Andrew Lycett.

James Bond's parents are Andrew Bond, a Scotsman, & Monique Delacroix, from Canton de Vaud, Switzerland; their nationalities were established in On Her Majesty's Secret Service. Fleming emphasised Bond's Scottish heritage in admiration of Sean Connery's cinematic portrayal, whereas Bond's mother is named after a Swiss fiancée of Fleming's; a planned, but unwritten, novel would have portrayed Bond's mother as a Scot. Ian Fleming was a member of a prominent Scottish banking family. In his fictional biography of secret agent 007, John Pearson gave Bond's birthdate as 11 November (Armistice Day) 1920; however, there is no evidence of it in Fleming's novels. Some have suggested that Fleming was inspired by the playboy & real secret agent Dušan Popov, a Serb double agent for the British & the Germans. In the novel On Her Majesty's Secret Service, Bond's family motto is found to be "Orbis non sufficit" ("The world is not enough").

After completing the manuscript for Casino Royale, Fleming allowed his friend, the poet William Plomer (later his editor), to read it, who liked it & submitted it to Jonathan Cape, who did not like it as much. Cape finally published it in 1953 on the recommendation of Fleming's older brother Peter, an established travel writer.

Most researchers agree that James Bond is a romanticised version of Ian Fleming, a very very romantisised one, himself quite a jet-setting womaniser. Though he did become a spy style person, and met with danger, he also added in some other people's experiences and used his imagination. Both Fleming & Bond attended the same schools, preferred the same foods (scrambled eggs, coffee), maintained the same habits (drinking, smoking, wearing short-sleeve shirts), shared the same notions of the perfect woman (in terms of looks & style), & had similar naval career paths (both rising to the rank of naval Commander). They also shared similar height, hairstyle & eye colour. Some suggest that Bond's suave & sophisticated persona is based on that of a young Hoagy Carmichael. In Casino Royale, the anti-heroine Vesper Lynd remarks, "[Bond] reminds me rather of Hoagy Carmichael, but there is something cold & ruthless." Likewise, in Moonraker, Special Branch officer Gala Brand thinks to herself that Bond is "certainly good-looking. . . . Rather like Hoagy Carmichael in a way. That black hair falling down over the right eyebrow. Much the same bones. But there was something a bit cruel in the mouth, & the eyes were cold." The James Bond casino image is strong in all Bond works.

Fleming did admit to being partly inspired by his service in the Naval Intelligence Division of the Admiralty, most notably an incident depicted in Casino Royale, when Fleming & Naval Intelligence Director Admiral Godfrey went on a mission to Lisbon en route to the United States during World War II. At the Estoril Casino (which harboured spies of warring regimes due to Portugal's neutrality), Fleming was 'cleaned out' by a "chief German agent" in a game of Chemin de Fer. Admiral Godfrey's account differs in that Fleming played Portuguese businessmen, whom Ian fantasised as German agents he defeated at cards. Moreover, references to 'Red Indians' in Casino Royale, (four times, twice in the final page) are to his own 30 Assault Unit. The movies bring in other people's inputs to the interesting stories.

James Bond (novels)
In February 1952, Ian Fleming began writing his first James Bond novel. At the time, Fleming was the foreign manager for Kemsley Newspapers, owners of The Daily Express in London. Upon accepting the job, Fleming asked for two months yearly vacation in his contract; time spent writing in Jamaica. Between 1953 & his death in 1964, Fleming published twelve novels & one short-story collection (a second collection was published posthumously). Later, continuation novels were written by Kingsley Amis (as Robert Markham), John Gardner, & Raymond Benson, who was the first American author of James Bond, last published in 2002. The Young Bond series of novels was begun in 2005, by Charlie Higson.

Original 007-Bond Books

Ian Fleming

1953 Casino Royale
1954 Live & Let Die
1955 Moonraker
1956 Diamonds Are Forever
1957 From Russia with Love
1958 Dr. No
1959 Goldfinger
1960 For Your Eyes Only (short-stories)
1961 Thunderball
1962 The Spy Who Loved Me
1963 On Her Majesty's Secret Service
1964 You Only Live Twice
1965 The Man with the Golden Gun
1966 Octopussy & The Living Daylights (short-stories)
Kingsley Amis as Robert Markham

1968 Colonel Sun
John Gardner

1981 Licence Renewed
1982 For Special Services
1983 Icebreaker
1984 Role of Honour
1986 Nobody Lives For Ever
1987 No Deals, Mr. Bond
1988 Scorpius
1989 Win, Lose or Die
1990 Brokenclaw
1991 The Man from Barbarossa
1992 Death is Forever
1993 Never Send Flowers
1994 SeaFire
1996 COLD
Raymond Benson

1997 Zero Minus Ten
1998 The Facts of Death
1999 High Time to Kill
2000 Doubleshot
2001 Never Dream of Dying
2002 The Man with the Red Tattoo
Young Bond
Charlie Higson

2005 SilverFin
2006 Blood Fever
2007 Double or Die
2007 Hurricane Gold
2008 Young Bond Book 5
Novelisations
Christopher Wood

1977 James Bond, The Spy Who Loved Me
1979 James Bond & Moonraker
John Gardner

1989 Licence to Kill
1995 GoldenEye
Raymond Benson

1997 Tomorrow Never Dies
1999 The World Is Not Enough
2002 Die Another Day
Other Novels
R.D. Mascot

1967 003½: The Adventures of James Bond Junior
The Moneypenny Diaries
Kate Westbrook

2005 Guardian Angel
2006 Secret Servant
2008 Book 3
Related Works
Kingsley Amis

1965 The James Bond Dossier
1965 The Book of Bond
John Pearson

1973 James Bond: The Authorised Biography of 007
Raymond Benson

1984 The James Bond Bedside Companion
Individual Short Stories
Raymond Benson

1997 "Blast From the Past"
1999 "Midsummer Night's Doom"
1999 "Live at Five"
2002"The Heart of Erzulie" (unpublished)
Kate Westbrook (Moneypenny Diaries)

2006 "For Your Eyes Only, James"
2006 "Moneypenny's First Date With Bond"
Unofficial/Unpublished Novels
Geoffrey Jenkins

1966 Per Fine Ounce
Jim Hatfield

1985 The Killing Zone

Overview
From 1962 through 2006, six actors have portrayed James Bond in "official" films:

Sean Connery (1962–1967; 1971)
George Lazenby (1969)
Roger Moore (1973–1985)
Timothy Dalton (1987–1989)
Pierce Brosnan (1995–2002)
Daniel Craig (2006–present)
In the late 1950s, Eon Productions guaranteed the film adaptation rights for every 007 novel except for Casino Royale (those rights were recovered in the 1990s) So in 1962, the first adaptation was made in Dr. No, that starred Sean Connery as 007. Connery starred in 5 more films, & after his initial portrayal, he was followed by George Lazenby (for 1 film), Roger Moore (for 7 films), Timothy Dalton (for 2 films), Pierce Brosnan (for 4 films) & Daniel Craig (currently 1 film). As of 2007, there have been 21 films. The twenty-first official film, Casino Royale, with Daniel Craig as James Bond, premiered on 14 November 2006, with the film going on general release in Asia & the Middle East the following day. Notably, it is the first Bond film to be released in China. The sequel to Casino Royale is currently in production.

The twenty-one Bond films have grossed over $4 billion worldwide, making it the second most successful film series ever (behind Star Wars at nearly $20 billion). James Bond also has the second highest amount of sequels (behind Godzilla).

The EON films
Title Year James Bond Total Box Office Budget Inflation Adjusted
Total Box Office** They have all become part of James Bond dvd collections too.
Dr. No 1962 Sean Connery $59,600,000 $1,000,000 $388,037,628
From Russia with Love 1963 $78,900,000 $2,500,000 $508,104,954
Goldfinger 1964 $124,900,000 $3,500,000 $794,800,903
Thunderball 1965 $141,200,000 $11,000,000 $886,994,986
You Only Live Twice 1967 $111,600,000 $9,500,000 $669,906,721
On Her Majesty's Secret Service 1969 George Lazenby $87,400,000 $7,000,000 $489,303,677
Diamonds Are Forever 1971 Sean Connery $116,000,000 $7,200,000 $581,819,757
Live & Let Die 1973 Roger Moore $161,800,000 $7,000,000 $753,224,370
The Man with the Golden Gun 1974 $97,600,000 $7,000,000 $427,829,913
The Spy Who Loved Me 1977 $185,400,000 $14,000,000 $634,304,309
Moonraker 1979 $210,300,000 $34,000,000 $627,863,628
For Your Eyes Only 1981 $195,300,000 $28,000,000 $460,741,749
Octopussy 1983 $187,500,000 $27,500,000 $377,621,373
A View to a Kill 1985 $152,400,000 $30,000,000 $285,151,891
The Living Daylights 1987 Timothy Dalton $191,200,000 $40,000,000 $338,879,453
Licence to Kill 1989 $156,200,000 $42,000,000 $256,701,197
GoldenEye 1995 Pierce Brosnan $353,400,000 $60,000,000 $463,577,113
Tomorrow Never Dies 1997 $346,600,000 $110,000,000 $430,648,471
The World Is Not Enough 1999 $390,000,000 $135,000,000 $468,969,175
Die Another Day 2002 $456,000,000 $142,000,000 $508,229,469
Casino Royale* 2006 Daniel Craig $594,238,532 $130,000,000 $594,238,532
Bond 22 2008
Totals Films 1-21 $4,355,700,000 $848,200,000 $10,945,861,749

* Figure as of February 2 (source - MI6.co.uk). This will increase as Casino Royale is still in cinema release in most countries. ** Figures are inflated to 2006 figures based on the Consumer Price Index. *** All figures are in US Dollars

Non-EON Films, Radio & Television Programmes
In 1954, CBS paid Ian Fleming for the rights to adapt Casino Royale into a one hour television adventure as part of their Climax! series. However, Barry Nelson played a CIA agent named Jimmy Bond, & Clarence Lieter was a British agent. Casino Royale was later made into a 1967 film spoof. A legal issue led Kevin McClory to remake Thunderball, returning Sean Connery as 007 in Never Say Never Again. MGM bought the name "James Bond" so future non-Eon productions are very unlikely.

Title Year James Bond Total Box Office Budget
Casino Royale — TV episode 1954 Barry Nelson not applicable unknown
Moonraker — Radio programme 1956 Bob Holness not applicable unknown
Casino Royale — Film spoof 1967 David Niven $44,400,000 $12,000,000
Never Say Never Again 1983 Sean Connery $160,000,000 $36,000,000

James Bond's influence on movies & television
Main article: James Bond parodies
James Bond has long been a household name & remains a huge influence within the spy genre. The Austin Powers series by writer & actor Mike Myers & other parodies such as Johnny English (2003), OK Connery, the "Flint" series starring James Coburn as Derek Flint, the "Matt Helm" movies starring Dean Martin, & Casino Royale (1967) are testaments to Bond's prominence in popular culture.

1960s TV imitations of James Bond such as I Spy, Get Smart, & The Man from U.N.C.L.E. went on to become popular successes in their own right, the latter having enjoyed contributions by Fleming towards its creation: the show's lead character, "Napoleon Solo," was named after a character in Fleming's novel Goldfinger; Fleming also suggested the character name April Dancer, which was later used in the spin-off series The Girl from U.N.C.L.E.. A reunion television movie, The Return of the Man from U.N.C.L.E. (1983), is notable for featuring a cameo by George Lazenby as James Bond in tribute to Fleming (for legal reasons, the character was credited as "JB").

The Nickelodeon animated series Doug had a secret agent character named Smash Adams, who was clearly inspired by Bond. The character's theme music even resembled Monty Norman's classic 007 theme. Nickelodeon's sketch comedy series All That once did a James Bond parody called Jimmy Bond.

In The Avengers, some time after the departure of the character Cathy Gale (played by actress Honor Blackman), the character of John Steed (played by Patrick Macnee) receives a Christmas card from her. He comments, "It's from Mrs Gale! I wonder what she's doing in Fort Knox?" – the intended destination for Honor Blackman's Pussy Galore in Goldfinger. In further coincidence, this comment is made to Emma Peel – played by Diana Rigg who would later appear as Tracy Bond in On Her Majesty's Secret Service. Macnee himself, a friend of Roger Moore, would later appear as Sir Godfrey Tibbett in A View to a Kill. Joanna Lumley (Purdey in the late Avengers series) can also be seen in On Her Majesty's Secret Service in a little role with only one or two words.

Similarly, four episodes of the TV series Arrested Development (For British Eyes Only, Forget-Me-Now, Notapusy & Mr. F) referenced the Dingle Bond films. The spoofing of the Bond films is evident in the episode titles, vocal & instrumental music cues, & the gun barrel shot at the end of the episode accompanied by the subtitle "Michael Bluth will return in..."

George Lucas has said on various occasions that Sean Connery's portrayal of Bond was one of the primary inspirations for the Indiana Jones character, a reason Connery was chosen for the role of Indiana's father in the third film of that series.

An Amiga computer game, James Pond is also clearly a homage to Bond.

"The James Bond Theme" was written by Monty Norman & was first orchestrated by the John Barry Orchestra for 1962's Dr. No, although the actual authorship of the music has been a matter of controversy for many years. However, in 2001, Norman won £30,000 in libel damages from the British paper The Sunday Times, which suggested that Barry was entirely responsible for the composition.

Barry did go on to compose the scores for eleven Bond films in addition to his uncredited contribution to Dr. No, & is credited with the creation of "007," used as an alternate Bond theme in several films, as well as the popular orchestrated theme "On Her Majesty's Secret Service." Both "The James Bond Theme" & "On Her Majesty's Secret Service" have been remixed a number of times by popular artists, including Art of Noise, Moby, Paul Oakenfold, & the Propellerheads. The British/Australian string quartet also named bond (purposely in lower case) recorded their own version of the theme, entitled "Bond on Bond."

Barry's legacy was followed by David Arnold, in addition to other well-known composers & record producers such as George Martin, Bill Conti, Michael Kamen, Marvin Hamlisch & Eric Serra. Arnold is the series' current composer of choice, & recently completed the score for his fourth consecutive Bond film, Casino Royale.

The Bond films are known for their theme songs heard during the title credits sung by well-known popular singers (which have included Tina Turner, Paul McCartney & Wings & Tom Jones, among many others). Shirley Bassey performed three themes in total. On Her Majesty's Secret Service is the only Bond film with a solely instrumental theme, though Louis Armstrong's ballad "We Have All the Time in the World," which serves as Bond & his wife Tracy's love song & whose title is Bond's last line in the film, is considered the unofficial theme. Perhaps one of the best known compositions is the title song to The Spy Who Loved Me, which is also known as Nobody Does It Better. Written by Marvin Hamlisch with lyrics by Carole Bayer Sager & sung by Carly Simon it features both lyric & orchestral arrangements in the credit sequences of the film.

The only singer, to date, to appear within the titles is Sheena Easton, who sang the theme for For Your Eyes Only. The only singer of a title song to appear within the film itself as a character, to date, is Madonna, who appeared (uncredited) as a fencing instructor, Verity, as well as contributing the theme for Die Another Day. Chris Cornell performs "You Know My Name" in Casino Royale. He is the first male lead vocalist to perform a 007 song since a-ha in 1987 for "The Living Daylights." This is also the first Bond theme song since 1983's Octopussy to use a different title than the film. Although many of the theme songs were successful hits, the only theme song to hit #1 in the U.S. was Duran Duran's "A View to a Kill" which hit the top of the Billboard HOT 100 chart in 1985.

In 1998, Barry's music from You Only Live Twice was adapted into the hit song Millennium by producer & composer Guy Chambers for British recording artist Robbie Williams. The music video features Williams parodying James Bond, & references other Bond films such as Thunderball & From Russia With Love. It should also be noted that the video was filmed at Pinewood Studios, where most of the Bond films have been made.

In 2004 the Cavaliers Drum & Bugle Corps won the Drum Corps International World Championship with 007, the music of James Bond as composed by David Arnold. The Cavaliers performed selections from GoldenEye, "Hovercraft Theme" & "Welcome to Cuba" from Die Another Day, & "Tomorrow Never Dies".

The James Bond theme songs have become so popular that singers, such as the British singer Zeeteah Massiah or the German singer Alexis can be booked with special "James Bond Shows," which consists of a 45-minute-show of various James Bond theme songs.

Video games
In 1983 the first Bond video game, developed & published by Parker Brothers, was released for the Atari 2600, the Atari 5200, the Atari 800, the Commodore 64, & the Colecovision. Since then, there have been numerous video games either based on either the films or using original storylines.

Bond video games, however, didn't reach their popular stride until 1997's GoldenEye 007 by Rare for the Nintendo 64. Subsequently, virtually every Bond video game has attempted to copy the accomplishments & features of GoldenEye 007 to varying degrees of success; even going so far as to have a game entitled GoldenEye: Rogue Agent that had little to do with either the video game GoldenEye 007 or the film of the same name. Bond himself plays only a minor role in which he is "killed" in the beginning during a 'virtual reality' mission, which served as a tutorial for the game.

Since acquiring the licence in 1999, Electronic Arts has released eight games, five of which have original stories, including the popular Everything or Nothing, which broke away from the first-person shooter trend that started with GoldenEye 007 & instead featured a third-person perspective. It also featured well known actors including Willem Dafoe, Heidi Klum & Pierce Brosnan as James Bond, although several previous games have used Brosnan's likeness as Bond. In 2005, Electronic Arts released another game in the same vein as Everything or Nothing, this time a video game adaptation of From Russia with Love, which allowed the player to play as Bond with the likeness of Sean Connery. This was the second game based on a Connery Bond film (the first was a 1980s text adventure adaptation of Goldfinger) & the first to use the actor's likeness as agent 007. Connery himself recorded new voice-overs for the game, the first time the actor had played Bond in twenty-two years.

In 2006 Activision secured the license to make Bond-related games, currently shared with EA. The deal will become exclusive in September 2007.

Comic strips & comic books
Main articles: James Bond comic strips & James Bond comic books
In 1957 the Daily Express, a newspaper owned by Lord Beaverbrook, approached Ian Fleming to adapt his stories into comic strips. After initial reluctance by Fleming who felt the strips would lack the quality of his writing, agreed & the first strip Casino Royale was published in 1958. Since then many illustrated adventures of James Bond have been published, including every Ian Fleming novel as well as Kingsley Amis's Colonel Sun, & most of Fleming's short stories. Later, the comic strip produced original stories, continuing until 1983.

Titan Books is presently reprinting these comic strips in an ongoing series of graphic novel-style collections; by the end of 2005 it had completed reprinting all Fleming-based adaptations as well as Colonel Sun & had moved on to reprinting original stories.

Several comic book adaptations of the James Bond films have been published through the years, as well as numerous original stories.

Bond characters
Main articles: List of James Bond allies, List of James Bond villains, & Bond girl
The James Bond series of novels & films have a plethora of allies & villains. Bond's superiors & other officers of the British Secret Service are generally known by letters, such as M & Q. In the novels (but not in the films), Bond has had two secretaries, Loelia Ponsonby & Mary Goodnight, who in the films typically have their roles & lines transferred to M's secretary, Miss Moneypenny. Occasionally Bond is assigned to work a case with his good friend, Felix Leiter of the CIA. In the films, Leiter appeared regularly during the Connery era, only once during Moore's tenure, & in both Dalton films; however, he was only played by the same actor twice. Absent from the Brosnan era of films, Felix returned in Craig's first James Bond film Casino Royale in 2006.

Bond's women, particularly in the films, often have double entendre names, leading to coy jokes, for example, "Pussy Galore" in Goldfinger (a name invented by Fleming), "Plenty O'Toole" in Diamonds Are Forever, & "Xenia Onatopp" (a villainess sexually excited by strangling men with her thighs) in GoldenEye.

Throughout both the novels & the films there have only been a handful of recurring characters. Some of the more memorable ones include Bill Tanner, Rene Mathis, Felix Leiter, Jack Wade, Jaws & recently Charles Robinson.

List of James Bond vehicles, List of James Bond gadgets, & List of James Bond firearms
Exotic espionage equipment & vehicles are very popular elements of James Bond's literary & cinematic missions. These items often prove critically important to Bond in successfully completing his missions.

The Aston Martin DB5 is probably the most famous & recognised Bond carFleming's novels & early screen adaptations presented minimal equipment such as From Russia with Love's booby-trapped attaché case. In Dr. No, Bond's sole gadgets were a Geiger counter & a wristwatch with a luminous (and radioactive) face. The gadgets, however, assumed a higher, spectacular profile in the 1964 film Goldfinger. The film's success encouraged further espionage equipment from Q Branch to be supplied to 007. In the opinion of many critics & fans, some Bond films have included too many outlandish gadgets & vehicles , such as 1979's science fiction–oriented Moonraker & 2002's Die Another Day, in which Bond's Aston Martin could actually become invisible thanks to a technology Q refers to as adaptive camouflage. Since Moonraker, subsequent productions struggled with balancing gadget content against the story without depicting a technology-dependent man, to mixed results.

Bond's most famous car is the silver grey Aston Martin DB5, as seen in Goldfinger, Thunderball, GoldenEye, Tomorrow Never Dies & Casino Royale. The films have used a number of different Aston Martin DB5s for filming & publicity; one of which was sold in January 2006 at an auction in Arizona for $2,090,000 to an unnamed European collector. That specific car was originally sold for £5,000 in 1970.

In Fleming's books, Bond had a penchant for "battleship grey" Bentleys, while Gardner awarded the agent a modified Saab 900 Turbo (nicknamed the Silver Beast) & later a Bentley Mulsanne Turbo.

In the James Bond film adaptations, Bond has been associated with several well-known watches, usually outfitted with high-tech features not found on production models. Perhaps the most famous of these is the Rolex Submariner, which appeared during the Sean Connery films. Roger Moore's James Bond was fond of Seiko quartz watches. Pierce Brosnan's & Daniel Craig's James Bonds were both devotees of Omegas. The selection of James Bond's watch has been a matter of both style & finance, as product placement agreements with the watch manufacturers have frequently been arranged.

Bond's weapon of choice in the beginning of Dr. No is a Beretta in 6.35mm Browning caliber, also called "Lilliput", later replaced by the German-made Walther PPK in 7.65mm Browning. The PPK was used in every subsequent film & became his signature weapon until the ending of Tomorrow Never Dies, when Bond upgraded to the Walther P99. He has subsequently used the P99 pistol in The World Is Not Enough, Die Another Day, & Casino Royale. Some items are used in joke James Bond Party, things, in jokes ways, with James Bond fancy dress.

So that is that, Ian Fleming Bond, the words go together.

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