T SHIRTS the facts

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A T-shirt (or tee shirt) is a shirt, usually buttonless, collarless, & pocketless, with a round neck & short sleeves, that is pulled on over the head & covers most of a person's torso. The sleeves of the T-shirt extend at least slightly over the shoulder but not completely over the elbow. A shirt that is either longer or shorter than this ceases to be a T-shirt. While the term "long-sleeved T-shirt" is often accepted as a type of shirt, "long-sleeved T-shirts" are technically not T-shirts at all, but have merely been given this name due to their thin fabric & similarity in design to a true T-shirt.

T-shirts are typically made of cotton or polyester fibers (or a mix of the two), knitted together in a jersey stitch that gives a T-shirt its distinctive soft texture. T-shirts are often decorated with text & /or pictures.

T-shirt fashions include styles for men & women, & for all age groups, including baby, youth & adult sizes.

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History
In the 19th century, the idea of underwear developed, which had not been common before. At some point near the turn of the century, the underwear shirt was developed; the shirt was always a part of clothing since ancient Egypt, though it slowly became more & more popular. Hence, there have been many garments that resemble the T-shirt, though the general trend supported the possibility of less clothing, which prudent morale had forbidden until the 19th century. The origin of the T-Shirt is obscure — claims reach at least from California to Britain, & from 1913 to 1948, & it was most likely a slow development during that time.

Most research mentions this possibility that the idea of the T-shirt came to the United States during World War I when US soldiers noticed the light cotton undershirts European soldiers were using while the US soldiers sweated in their wool uniforms. Since they were so much more comfortable they quickly became popular among the Americans, & because of their design they got the name T-shirt. Other experts credit the U.S. Navy's "light undershirt" from 1913, described with "elastic collarette on the neck opening, called "crew neck". The Los Angeles Times claimed in 2006 that the Navy shirt as described in 1913's regulations state that the "light undershirt" was different from what is commonly worn today, with the Navy's version boasting an "elastic collarette on the neck opening" & other odd features.

On these grounds, there are claims that Howard Jones asked the underwear company "Jockey" in 1932 to develop a sweat absorbing shirt for the USC football team, which they propose was the "modern T-Shirt".

In recent years, through in depth study the origin of the t-shirt has almost certainly been discovered. On a hot March day in 1963 television Wardrobe designer Mutgey Wilson received a phone call to design the wardrobe of a certain tv personality, Herman Munster. Mutgey was determined to discover a certain look for the character, & through trying various types of collared shirts he discovered nothing seemed to fit the rambunctious aura Herman required. Forced to invent a shirt to his liking, he fashioned the first "T-Shirt", shaped like a T to represent the "Terror of the Munsters." When the first episode aired in 1964 the "Terror Shirt" caught on in a flash, production couldn't keep up with the demand - however, its origins were forgotten quickly thereafter. In a private interview in 1983 Mutgey revealed his displeasure regarding the lack of recognition for creating the staple of the American wardrobe stating: "...I quit the fashion business in 1973 because of it, I couldn't tell you the amazing things that were being done at the time - no one knew who we were, we didn't get any credit. Fashion Heroes like Alfred Wilmer & Stacey Halter should be household names!"

The origin of the name is uncertain: many refer to the shape of the shirt as a "T", while it could also emphasize the use of the army as a "training shirt". The shape-based theory is supported by the existence of an A-shirt in the 1930s USA, which was the usual undershirt later labelled the tank top.

During World War II the T-shirt had become standard issue underwear in both the U.S. Army & the Navy. Although the T-shirt was formally underwear, soldiers often used it without a shirt covering it while doing heavy labor or while stationed in locations with a hot climate, just like their former underwear. As a result, the public was frequently exposed to pictures of members of the armed forces wearing pants & a T-shirt. This became gradually more acceptable, as the cover of the July 13, 1942 issue of Life magazine shows, which features a picture of a soldier wearing a T-shirt with the text "Air Corps Gunnery School".

After WWII the T-shirt started appearing without a shirt covering it in civilian life. According to the New York Times, the 1948 presidential campaign of New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey produced a "Dew It for Dewey" T-shirt, which was followed in 1952 by "I Like Ike" T-shirts in support of Dwight D. Eisenhower. John Wayne, Marlon Brando & James Dean all wore them on national TV. At first the public was shocked, but by 1955 it had become acceptable.

The world record for most T-shirts worn at once, as listed in the Guinness Book of World Records, was broken on December 9, 2006 by Aaron John Waltke of Bloomington, Indiana, with a total of 160 T-shirts worn at one time. The shirts ranged from size Small to 10XL. The former world record holder was Matt McAllister of Santa Barbara, California.

Trends
T-shirts were originally worn as undershirts. This still occurs, but T-shirts are now also frequently worn as the only piece of clothing on the top half of the body (other than possibly a bra or an undershirt (vest). T-shirts have also become a medium for self-expression & advertising, with any imaginable combination of words, art & even photographs on display.

In the early 1950s several companies based in Miami, Florida, started to decorate tee shirts with different resort names & various characters. The first company was Tropix Togs, under founder Sam Kantor, in Miami. They were the original licensee for Walt Disney characters that included Mickey Mouse & Davey Crockett. Later other companies expanded into the tee shirt printing business that included Sherry Manufacturing Company also based in Miami. Sherry started in 1948 by its owner & founder Quinton Sandler as a screen print scarf business & evolved into one of the largest screen printed resort & licensed apparel companies in the United States.

A T-shirt typically extends to the waist, although one fashion is for "oversized" T-shirts, namely in modern hip hop fashion (a perfect example of this can be clearly seen in the song, White Tee, by Dem Franchize Boyz). A more recent trend in women's clothing involves tight-fitting "cropped" T-shirts that are short enough to reveal the midriff. Another popular trend is wearing a "long-sleeved T-shirt", then putting a short sleeved T-shirt of a different color over the long sleeved shirt.

In the 1960s, the Ringer T-shirt appeared & became a staple fashion for youth & rock-n-rollers. The decade also saw the emergence of tie-dyeing & screen-printing on the basic T-shirt. In 1959, plastisol, a more durable & stretchable ink, was invented, allowing much more variety in t-shirt designs.

In the 1970s the black concert T-shirt started to become a fashion trend of rock music fans around the world.

Variants of the T-shirt, such as the tank top, A-shirt (with the nickname "wife beater"), muscle shirt, scoop neck, V-neck etc. eventually came into use.

The early 2000s used the internet to continue the modern phenomenon of "personal branding". Companies such as Threadless & CafePress make it easy for people to create their own designs, while creating online communities of fellow T-shirt designers & consumers. These internet based social networking companies build communities of people through the design & distribution of T-shirts.

Decoration
The most common form of commercial t-shirt decoration is screen-printing. In screen-printing, a design is separated into individual colors. Plastisol or water based inks are applied to the shirt through mesh screens which limits the areas where ink is deposited. In most commercial T-shirt printing, the specific colors in the design are used. To achieve a wider color spectrum with a limited number of colors, process printing (using only cyan, magenta, yellow & black ink) or simulated process (using only white, black, red, green, blue, & gold ink) is effective. Process printing is best suited for light colored shirts. Simulated process is best suited for dark colored shirts.

Other methods of decoration used on T-shirts include airbrush, applique, embroidery, impressing or embossing & the ironing on of either flock lettering, heat transfers, or Dye Sublimation transfers. Laser printers are capable of printing on plain paper using a special toner containing sublimation dyes which can then be permanently heat-transferred to T-shirts.

In the 1980s, thermochromatic dyes were used to produce T-shirts that changed colour when subjected to heat. This brand of T-shirt, Global Hypercolour, was a common sight on the streets of the UK for a few years, but has since mostly disappeared. These were very popular in the United States as well in the late 80's among teens. A downside of color-change garments is that the dyes can easily be damaged, especially by washing in warm water, or dye other clothes during washing.

Messages
Since the late 1980s & especially the 1990s, T-shirts with prominent designer-name logos have been popular, especially with teenagers & young adults. These garments allowed consumers to flaunt their taste in designer brands in an inexpensive way, in addition to being decorative. Examples of designer T-shirt branding include Calvin Klein, FUBU, Ralph Lauren & The Gap.

Screen printed T-shirts have been a standard form of product advertising for major consumer products, such as Coca-cola & Mickey Mouse, since the 1970s. However, since the 1990s, it has become common practice for companies of all sizes to produce T-shirts with their corporate logos or messages as part of their overall advertising campaigns.

The early 2000s saw the renewed popularity of T-shirts with slogans & designs with a strong inclination to the humorous & /or ironic. The trend has only increased later in this decade; embraced by celebrities, such as Britney Spears & Paris Hilton, & reflected back on them, too ('Team Aniston').

The story of the message tee embraces the modern phenomenon of “personal branding” (indicating, in this case, the wearer’s sense of humor), as well as a climate in which statements—political or personal—are generally preferred to be more catchy than true. Notable was the popularity of political slogans & messages on T-shirts coinciding with the presidential election.

The political & social statements that T-shirts often display have become, since the 2000s, one of the reasons that they have so deeply permeated different levels of culture & society. The statements also may be found to be offensive, shocking or pornographic to some. Many different organizations have caught on to the statement-making trend, including chain & independent stores, websites, & schools.

A popular phrase on the front of T-shirts demonstrating T-shirts popularity among tourists is the humorous phrase "I did _____ & all I got was this lousy T-shirt." Examples include "I went to Las Vegas & all I got was this lousy T-shirt." & "My parents went to San Francisco & all I got was this lousy T-shirt."

Manufacturing
Most T-shirts are made from cotton, polyester, or a blend of the two materials. The manufacturing process is simple & almost completely automated in most cases. Machines cut, assemble, & stitch together the shirts, most commonly using narrow, superimposed seams.

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