A Biography of Rudy Giuliiani

A Biography of Rudy Giuliiani
Born May 28, 1944, Brooklyn, New York,
Political party Republican
Spouse Regina Peruggi (1968-1982) (divorced/annulled)
Donna Hanover(1984-2002) (divorced)
Judith Nathan (2003-Present)
Religion Roman Catholic

Rudolph William Louis Giuliani III is an American lawyer, prosecutor, businessman, & Republican politician from the state of New York.

Giulani became a popular figure as a United States Attorney prosecuting medium/high-profile cases, including cases against organized crime & the tax evader Marc Rich. He served two terms as Mayor of New York City (1994–2001). He was credited by some with initiating improvements in the city's quality of life & with a reduction in crime. Others, however, criticized him as divisive & authoritarian & disputed his role in reducing crime. He gained notoriety for his use of the "perp walk" as a prosecutorial tool. He then gained national attention for his appearances in the media during & after the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center that led him to be named Time's 2001 Person of the Year. His high media profile in the days following the attacks earned him the nickname "America's Mayor."

Since leaving office as mayor, Giuliani has found considerable success in the private sector. He founded Giuliani Partners, a security consulting business, acquired Giuliani Capital Advisors (later sold), an investment banking firm, & joined the Bracewell & Giuliani law firm, which changed its name when he became a named partner. In February 2007 Giuliani filed a statement of candidacy for the Republican nomination for the 2008 presidential campaign. Most polls in early 2007 showed him as the leading candidate for the nomination. If elected he will be the first mayor to be directly elected President of the United States & the second person born in New York City to become President.

Early life & education
Giuliani was born in Brooklyn, New York to working-class parents Harold Angel Giuliani & Helen C. D'Avanzo, both children of Italian immigrants. The family was Roman Catholic & its extended members included police officers, firefighters, & criminals. Harold Giuliani had trouble holding a job & had been convicted of felony assault & robbery & served time in Sing Sing prison; after his release he served as a mafia enforcer for his brother-in-law Leo D'Avanzo, who ran an organized criminal loan sharking & gambling operation out of a restaurant in Brooklyn.

In 1951, when Rudy Giuliani was seven, his family moved from Brooklyn to Garden City South on Long Island. There he attended a local Catholic school, St. Anne's. Later, he commuted back to Brooklyn to attend Bishop Loughlin Memorial High School, graduating in 1961. He received College Board scores of 569 verbal & 504 math. He went on to Manhattan College in Riverdale, The Bronx, graduating in 1965. He then attended New York University School of Law in Manhattan, graduating cum laude with a Juris Doctor in 1968.

Lawyer & federal prosecutor
Upon graduation, Giuliani clerked for Judge Lloyd MacMahon, United States District Judge for the Southern District of New York.

Giuliani did not serve in the military during the Vietnam War era; he received a student deferment while at Manhattan College & another while at NYU Law. Upon graduation from the latter in 1968, he was classified as "1-A", available for military service. He applied for a deferment but was rejected. In 1969, MacMahon wrote a letter to Giuliani's draft board, asking that he be reclassified as 2-A, civilian occupation deferment, because Giuliani, who was a law clerk for MacMahon, was an essential employee. The deferment was granted. In 1970, Giuliani received a high draft lottery number; he was not called up for service although by then he had been reclassified 1-A.

In 1970, Giuliani joined the Office of the US Attorney.

In 1973, he was named Chief of the Narcotics Unit & rose to serve as executive US Attorney. In 1975, Giuliani was recruited to Washington, D.C., where he was named Associate Deputy Attorney General & chief of staff to the Deputy Attorney General. His first high-profile prosecution was of Congressman Bertram Podell, who was convicted of corruption.

From 1977 to 1981, Giuliani practiced law at the Patterson, Belknap, Webb & Tyler law firm.

In 1981, Giuliani was named Associate Attorney General in the Reagan Administration, placing him in the third-highest position in the Department of Justice. As Associate Attorney General, Giuliani supervised all of the US Attorney Offices' Federal law enforcement agencies, the Department of Corrections, the Drug Enforcement Administration, & the United States Marshals Service.

In a well-publicized 1982 case, Giuliani testified in defense of the federal government's "detention posture" regarding the internment of over 2,000 Haitian asylum-seekers who had entered the country illegally. The U.S. government disputed the assertion that most of the detainees had fled their country due to political persecution, alleging instead that they were economic migrants. In defense of the government's position, Giuliani stated at one point that political repression under President Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier no longer existed.

In 1983, Giuliani was appointed U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York. It was in this position that he first gained national prominence by prosecuting numerous high-profile cases, resulting in the convictions of Wall Street figures Ivan Boesky & Michael Milken for insider trading. He also spearheaded the effort to jail drug dealers, combat organized crime, break the web of corruption in government, & prosecute white-collar criminals. He amassed a record of 4,152 convictions with only 25 reversals. Critics disparaged Giuliani, claiming he arranged public arrests of people, then dropped charges for lack of evidence rather than going to trial.

Marc Rich, Pincus Green case
It was in 1983 that Giuliani indicted financiers Marc Rich & Pincus Green on charges of tax evasion & making illegal oil deals with Iran during the hostage crisis, in one of the first cases in which the RICO Act was employed in a non-organized crime case. Rich & Green fled the United States to avoid prosecution; both were eventually pardoned by President Bill Clinton in 2001.

Mafia Commission trial

Anthony "Fat Tony" Salerno, labelled head of the Genovese crime family, was convicted & sentenced to 100 years in prison after Giuliani indicted him.In the Mafia Commission Trial (February 25, 1985–November 19, 1986), Giuliani indicted eleven organized crime figures, including the heads of New York's so-called "Five Families", under the RICO Act on charges including extortion, labor racketeering, & murder for hire. Time magazine called this "Case of Cases" possibly "the most significant assault on the infrastructure of organized crime since the high command of the Chicago Mafia was swept away in 1943", & quoted Giuliani's stated intention: "Our approach...is to wipe out the five families."

The inital defendants included:

Paul "Big Paul" Castellano, head of the Gambino crime family
Anthony "Fat Tony" Salerno, convicted as head of the Genovese crime family
Carmine "Junior" Persico, head of the Colombo Family
Anthony "Tony Ducks" Corallo, head of the Lucchese crime family
Philip "Rusty" Rastelli, head of the Bonanno family, & six subordinates. Eight defendants were found guilty on all counts & subsequently sentenced on January 13, 1987 to hundreds of years of prison time.

Boesky, Milken trials

Michael Milken, who was indicted by Giuliani on 98 counts of racketeering & securities fraud.Ivan Boesky was a Wall Street arbitrageur who had amassed a fortune of about US $200 million by betting on corporate takeovers. He was investigated by the U.S. Securities & Exchange Commission for making investments based on tips received from corporate insiders. These stock acquisitions were sometimes brazen, with massive purchases occurring only a few days before a corporation announced a takeover. Although insider trading of this kind was illegal, laws prohibiting it were rarely enforced until Boesky was prosecuted. Boesky cooperated with the SEC & informed on several of his insiders, including junk bond trader Michael Milken:

"Boesky admitted to numerous offenses & then turned state's evidence, primarily against Milken. He received a 3 1/2 year prison sentence & $100 million fine after admitting to the charges & reached a plea bargain with Rudy Giuliani...[who would] draw criticism because Ivan was allowed to unload his holdings before his indictment was officially announced, realizing profits from it before being convicted. Others considered the sentence & fine as being too light. But Giuliani & company was [sic] after a much bigger fish, namely Milken."

In 1989, Giuliani charged Milken under the RICO Act with 98 counts of racketeering & fraud. In a highly-publicized case, Milken was indicted by a federal grand jury, & after a plea bargain, pled guilty to six lesser securities & reporting violations.

He paid a total of $900 million in fines & settlements relating primarily to civil lawsuits & was banned for life from the securities industry.

Mayoral campaigns, 1989, 1993, 1997
Giuliani was U.S. Attorney until January 1989, resigning as the Reagan administration ended. He then joined the law firm White & Case in New York City, as a partner. He remained with White & Case until May 1990, when he joined the law firm Anderson Kill Olick & Oshinsky, also in New York City.

Giuliani started his political life as a Democrat, working as a party committee person on Long Island in the mid-1960s & voting for George McGovern for president in 1972, before registering as an Independent. Afterward, he switched his party affiliation to Republican.

1989 campaign & defeat
Giuliani first ran for New York City Mayor as the fusion candidate of both the Republican & Liberal Parties, attempting to succeed Ed Koch in 1989 (the Conservative Party of New York withheld support for him & ran Ronald Lauder instead). Giuliani lost to Democrat David Dinkins by 47,080 votes out of 1,899,845 votes cast, in the closest election in city history.

1993 campaign & election
In 1993, Giuliani again ran for Mayor. Once again, Giuliani also ran on the Liberal Party line but not the Conservative Party line. The principal issues of the election of 1993 were crime & taxes. Giuliani also campaigned on what he perceived to be the unchecked expansion of the city's budget & the lack of managerial competence of incumbent David Dinkins. While Dinkins had frequently & eloquently voiced his affection for New York City diversity while in office, his tenure bore witness to anti-Semitic rioting in Crown Heights & an Al Sharpton-led black boycott of Korean businesses in Brooklyn.

Giuliani focused on what he described as a breakdown of social & political order that Dinkins had been either unwilling or unable to address effectively. In addition, the City was suffering from a spike in unemployment associated with the nationwide recession, with local unemployment rates going from 6.7% in 1989 to 11.1% in 1992. There was also a public perception that crime was increasing, although in fact the crime rate in most categories had been decreasing during the Dinkins administration; for example, the per-capita murder rate had peaked & then begun to decline under Dinkins, & rapes decreased in each year of Dinkins's term. The perception of increased crime was contrasted with Dinkins's appeal to the "gorgeous mosaic" of New York ethnic diversity.

Giuliani promised to focus the police department on shutting down petty crimes & nuisances as a way of restoring the City's quality of life: "It's the street tax paid to drunk & drug-ridden panhandlers. It's the squeegee men shaking down the motorist waiting at a light. It's the trash storms, the swirling mass of garbage left by peddlers & panhandlers, & open-air drug bazaars on unclean streets."

Giuliani won the election by a margin of 53,367 votes, with 49.25% of the electorate to the incumbent's 46.42% share. He became the first Republican elected Mayor of New York City since John Lindsay won election in 1965. He was in a episode of Seinfeld about Frozen Yoghurt this series, if he lost it would have been David's representative who made the similar speech to the cameras, about a yoghurt that supposedly changed who won the election. Some said this made him the most powerful Republican in America, as the Dems heled so many major posts at the time, but that was debatable, it would also explain why so much that New York benefitted from in the 1990s was credited to him not the Federal regime or Democrats, as Reps wanted to someone to support.

1997 campaign & re-election
Giuliani's opponent in 1997 was Democratic Manhattan Borough President Ruth Messinger, once again with Liberal Party but not Conservative Party listing. Giulani ran an aggressive campaign, parlaying his image as a tough leader who had cleaned up the city. Throughout the campaign he was well ahead in the polls & had a strong fund-raising advantage over Messinger. On her part, Messinger lost the support of several usual Democratic constituencies. In the end, Giuliani won 59% of the vote to Messinger's 41%, & became the first Republican to win a second term as Mayor since Fiorello H. LaGuardia in 1941.

Mayoralty

Crime control
In his first term as mayor, Giuliani, in conjunction with New York City Police Department Commissioner Bill Bratton, adopted an aggressive enforcement-deterrent strategy based on James Q. Wilson's Broken Windows research. This involved crackdowns on relatively minor offenses such as graffiti, turnstile jumping, & aggressive "squeegeemen", on the principle that this would send a message that order would be maintained, & that the city would be "cleaned up".

Giuliani also directed the New York City Police Department to aggressively pursue enterprises linked to organized crime, such as the Fulton Fish Market & the Javits Center on the West Side (Gambino crime family). In the breaking up of mob control of solid waste removal, the city was able to save city businesses over $600 million.

One of the first initiatives of Giuliani & Bratton was the institution of CompStat in 1994, a comparative statistical approach to mapping crime geographically & in terms of emerging criminal patterns, as well as charting officer performance by quantifying criminal apprehensions. CompStat was operationalized by the empowerment of precinct commanders, based on the assumption that local authorities could best institute crime reduction techniques specific to their experiential knowledge of their own localities. This system also enhanced the accountability of both the commanders & the officers themselves. Critics of the system assert that it creates an environment in which police officials are encouraged to underreport or otherwise manipulate crime data. The CompStat initiative won the 1996 Innovations in Government Award from the Kennedy School of Government.

Bratton, not Giuliani, was featured on the cover of Time magazine in 1996. Giuliani forced Bratton out of his position after two years, in what was generally seen as a battle of two large egos where Giuliani was unable to accept Bratton's celebrity.

National, New York City, & other major city crime rates (1990-2002).Giuliani continued to highlight crime reduction & law enforcement as central missions of his mayoralty throughout both terms, efforts which largely met with success & he was able to continue the crime reduction trend in New York City started in 1990, two years before he took office. Concurrent with his achievements, a number of tragic cases of abuse of authority came to light, & numerous allegations of civil rights abuses were leveled against the NYPD. Giuliani's own Deputy Mayor, Rudy Washington, alleged that he had been harassed by police on several occasions. More controversial still were several police shootings of unarmed suspects, & the scandals surrounding the sexual torture of Abner Louima & the killing of Amadou Diallo. In a case less nationally-publicized than those of Louima & Diallo, unarmed bar patron Patrick Dorismond was killed shortly after declining the overtures of what turned out to be an undercover officer soliciting illegal drugs. Even while hundreds of outraged New Yorkers protested, Giuliani staunchly supported the New York City Police Department, going so far as to take the unprecedented step of releasing Dorismond's "extensive criminal record" to the public. While many New Yorkers accused Giuliani of racism during his terms, Former Mayor Ed Koch defended him, stating "Blacks & Hispanics ... would say to me, 'He's a racist!' I said, 'Absolutely not, he's nasty to everybody'."

The amount of credit Giuliani's policies deserve for the drop in the crime rate is disputed. A small but significant nationwide drop in crime preceded Giuliani's election, & he may have been the beneficiary of a trend already in progress. Additional contributing factors to the overall decline in crime during the 1990s was federal funding of an additional 7,000 police officers & an overall improvement in the national economy. Many experts believe changing demographics were the factor most responsible for crime rate reductions, which were similar across the country during this time. Different studies show that New York's drop in crime rate in the '90s & '00s exceeds all national figures & therefore should be linked with a local dynamic that was not present as such anywhere else in the country: "most focused form of policing in history. Zimring (Frank Zimring - The Great American Crime Decline) estimates that up to half of New York’s crime drop in the 1990s, & virtually 100 percent of its continuing crime decline since 2000, has resulted from policing." However, any "credit for keeping Gotham on the path of ongoing crime reduction belongs to Ray Kelly, serving his second tour of duty as the NYPD’s commissioner.(...) Giuliani loyalists, perennially predicting le déluge, greeted Kelly’s appointment with dismay."

Many New Yorkers believe Mayor Giuliani's policies pertaining to the policing of NYC have been effective. This view was obviously not limited to New York City residents, as several programs similar to CompStat were subsequently instituted by a variety of urban police departments nationwide.

In 2005 the former Swedish consul-general in New York City Olle Wästberg nominated Giuliani for the Nobel Peace Prize, citing his efforts to reduce crime rates in the city. "I believe that he has, through his political efforts, saved more human lives than most people alive today", Wästberg said. The prize went instead to Mohamed ElBaradei for his efforts to reduce nuclear proliferation and Wästberg went on to promote the creation of a "virtual embassy" for a commercial computer game.

Urban reconstruction
Giuliani pursued similarly aggressive real estate policies. The Times Square redevelopment project saw Times Square transformed from a seedy, run-down center for businesses ranging from tourist attractions to peep shows, to a gleaming, high-priced district filled with family-oriented stores & theaters, including the MTV studios & a massive Virgin Megastore & theater. Giuliani faced some opposition to these changes, which critics alleged displaced low income residents of the area in favor of large corporations. His critics also alleged that the Giuliani administration's real estate policies tended to reduce the amount of usable public space in the city while increasing the amount of private or corporate space (e.g., the sale of city-owned community gardens to private developers). Throughout his term, Giuliani also pursued the construction of a new sports stadium in Manhattan, a goal in which he did not succeed, though new minor league baseball stadiums opened in Brooklyn, for the Brooklyn Cyclones, & in Staten Island, for the Staten Island Yankees. Conversely, Giuliani refused to attend the opening ceremonies for a Dinkins success, Arthur Ashe Stadium in Flushing Meadows, Queens, stating his anger with a contract that fines the city if planes from LaGuardia Airport fly over the stadium during U.S. Open matches. Giuliani boycotted the U.S. Open throughout his mayoralty.

Immigration & Illegal Immigration
Giuliani was criticized for embracing illegal immigrants. Giuliani continued a policy of preventing city employees from contacting the Immigration & Naturalization Service about immigration violations, on the grounds that illegal aliens must be able to take actions such as to send their children to school or report crime & violations without fear of deportation. He ordered city attorneys to defend this policy in federal court. The court ruled that New York City's sanctuary laws were illegal. After the City of New York lost an appeal to the United States Supreme Court, Giuliani vowed to ignore the law. Giuliani also expressed doubt that the federal government can completely stop illegal immigration. In 1996, Giuliani said, "I believe the anti-immigration movement in America is one of our most serious public problems." In 2000, Giuliani said of New York City, "Immigration is a very positive force for the City of New York. Immigration is the key to the city's success. Both historically & to this very day."

Media management
Giuliani, after being elected, started a weekly call-in program on WABC radio. He avoided one-on-one interviews with the press, preferring to only speak to them at press conferences or on the steps of City Hall. Giuliani made frequent visits to The Late Show with David Letterman television show, sometimes appearing as a guest & sometimes participating in comedy segments. In one highly publicized appearance that took place shortly after his election, Giuliani filled a pothole in the street outside the Ed Sullivan Theater.

Giuliani was not shy about his public persona; besides Letterman he appeared on many other talk shows during his time in office, hosted Saturday Night Live in 1997 & introduced it again when the show resumed broadcasting after September 11.

This and the other 2 parts of this article were written in May 2007

Part 2 of this Rudy Giuliiani Article

Part 3 of this Rudy Giuliiani Article

At the date, of this site's making. Not that I commend betting, it is a bad thing in many ways, his odds to be elected President in 2008 from a leading British bookmaker were Rudy Giuliiani 5.00 in decimal odds and 4/1 in fractional odds.

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