Since the sport's development in the 1970s, many new subtypes of mountain biking have developed, such as cross-country (XC) biking, all-day endurance biking, Freeride-biking, downhill mountain biking, and a variety of track and slalom competitions. Each of these subtypes places different demands on the bike and the cyclist, and so high-end mountain bike companies make different designs to suit these different sports. MTBs produced in the 2000s often have a wide range of gears, giving 21 to 27 speeds, to facilitate steep hill climbing and rapid descents. Most higher-end mountain bikes produced since the mid-2000s use disc brakes instead of cantilever or V-brakes, because disc brakes offer better stopping power under extreme conditions.
The risk of injury is inherent in the sport of mountain biking, especially in the more extreme disciplines such as downhill biking, which can include drops and jumps over rocky terrain. To reduce the risk of injuries such as concussions, abrasions, and cuts, mountain bikers often wear protective equipment such as helmets, gloves, and padding. The amount of protective gear depends on the type of mountain biking and the difficulty of the course. While a cross-country rider on a flat dirt trail might only wear a road biking helmet and gloves, a downhill biker or dirt jumper will typically wear a full-face BMX-style helmet and plastic "armor" pads on the knees, elbows, chest, and back.The city of Nelson is close to the centre of New Zealand. It lies at the shore of Tasman Bay, at the northern end of the South Island, and is the administrative centre of the Nelson region.
Nelson is a centre for arts and crafts, and each year hosts popular events such as the Nelson Arts Festival. The annual Wearable Art Awards began near Nelson and a museum, World of Wearable Art, is now housed close to Airport showcasing winning designs.
Brightwater, near Nelson is the birthplace of Lord Rutherford, the Nobel Prize-winning physicist whose image appears on New Zealand's $100 banknote, the largest denomination in circulation in New Zealand.
Nelson received its name in honour of the Admiral Horatio Nelson who defeated both the French and Spanish fleets at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805. Many of the roads and public areas around the city are named after people and ships associated with that battle and Trafalgar Street is the main shopping axis of the city. Inhabitants of Nelson are referred to as Nelsonians.
Nelson's Ma-ori name, Whakatu-, means 'build', 'raise', or 'establish'.
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