Some facts on mugs
A mug is a sturdily built type of cup often used for drinking hot beverages, such as coffee, tea, or hot chocolate. Mugs, by definition, have handles & often hold a larger amount of fluid than other types of cups. In more formal settings a mug is usually not used for serving hot beverages, with a teacup or coffee cup being preferred.
Many mugs are made of ceramic materials such as earthenware, bone china, porcelain or stoneware. Some are made from strengthened glass, such as Pyrex. Other materials, including plastic, steel & enameled metal are used where break resistance is at a premium, such as for campers. Techniques such as silk screen printing or decals can be used to apply decorations; these are fired onto the mug to ensure permanence.
Functions
Though
at first glance a very simple object, the mug serves a number of functions which
make it especially suited to holding hot liquids:
Provides a handle: (i)
for grasping, & (ii) provides a cool area of the mug that is insulated from
the hot liquid by distance.
Hot beverages may be too hot to drink, with temperatures
often nearing the boiling point of water. The thick walls of a typical mug will
absorb much of this heat when the liquid is first poured into the mug & so
lower the beverage closer to potable temperatures.
The mug stores some heat
from the beverage, & so prevents it from cooling too quickly. The design of
a mug helps insulation: (i) thick walls separate the beverage from the cool external
air, & (ii) an indented base separates the beverage from the surface upon
which the mug is set. The shape of the base forms the characteristic O-shaped
stain, so often seen upon desks & documents.
Specialist designs
A
travel mug is a variation on the traditional mug that is better for transporting
hot liquids. It may or may not be a vacuum flask, but is usually well insulated
& completely enclosed, with an easily closed opening on the top.
A puzzle mug is a novelty that is counter-intuitive. It will usually have several holes in the rim, making it impossible to drink from in the normal way. Frequently the solution is to cover all the holes in the rim, & then drink via another hole in the hollow handle.
The earliest pottery goes back to 30,000 years ago in the Czech republic with items that were just mini statues, it is possible wood & such was used to hold water or other liquids from fruits earlier than that or later. But the earliest known pottery vessels come from the Jormon era before 10500 BC in Japan, With potters wheels in Mesopotamia in 6000 BCE, or BC,
The invention of the potter's wheel in Mesopotamia sometime between 6,000 & 4,000 BCE (Ubaid period) revolutionized pottery production. Specialized potters were then able to meet the expanding needs of the world's first cities. Pottery was in use in ancient India during the Mehrgarh Period II (5500 - 4800 BCE) & Merhgarh Period III (4800 - 3500 BCE), known as the ceramic Neolithic & chalcolithic. Pottery, including items known as the ed-Dur vessels, originated in regions of the Indus valley & has been found in a number of sites in the Indus valley civilization.
In the Mediterranean, during the Greek Dark Ages (1100–800 BCE), artists used geometric designs such as squares, circles & lines to decorate amphoras & other pottery. The period between 1500-300 BCE in ancient Korea is known as the Mumun Pottery Period.
The quality of pottery has varied historically, in part dependent upon the repute in which the potter's craft was held by the community. For example, in the Chalcolithic period in Mesopotamia, Halafian pottery achieved a level of technical competence & sophistication, not seen until the later developments of Greek pottery with Corinthian & Attic ware. The distinctive Red Samian ware of the Early Roman Empire was copied by regional potters throughout the Empire. The Dark Age period saw a collapse in the quality of European pottery which did not recover in status & quality until the European Renaissance.
In some places pottery was not used for a long time, indeed in Wales in the uplands in the Early Middle Ages little pottery is found, even though these societies were agricultural. But some pre Neolithic socities were using pottery in South Eastern Europe in 3700 BC, taking it from Neolithic socities. Just before they became Neolithic societies.
Pottery has been used by archaeologists to date eras, and invents as peoples from the Myceanae, to Romans, to Sumerians, to ancient Indian societies had their own specific designs. Indeed Roman era pottery in Britain has little stories, like how people used to buy some pottery even though it had this design or that design, and how some was more popular to buy for locals, in towns and cioties and such as of this new design or that new design, with Celtic pottery and Roman pottery and such, and amphorare traded to the Celts and it's remains from before the Roman era, showing how wine was traded up from Rome to Celtic areas of Europe before the brutal Roman conquest of Gaul.
Bantu tribes that in the present theory spread across Africa also brought pottery in their movements, just like the Neolithic in Europe.
Some Samoan tribes stopped it seems using pottery after 200 BC but of course evidence may change for these areas. It may have been new populations arrived or just evidence was lost.
China's vases and pottery and mass production of it was famous and showed how it was the largest economy in the world on many occasions. And mass pottery production in Britain in thw Industrial Revolution was one of the great signs of industrial growth.
The many styles of pottery
including images of ancient Greeks, to images of myths, and also of other drinking
vessels, show how trade was common, and the cultures of many areas, of the world,
and fill many museums.
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