criminal organization

A criminal organization is a group run by criminals, most commonly for a purpose of generating a monetary profit. They are usually involved in criminal activities such as drugs, prostitution, human trafficking, money laundering, governmental corruption, identity theft, stock fraud, black marketeering. These activities are known as organized crime. Some also engage in political violence, racist, and religiously motivated violence, terrorism, and crimes against humanity.

criminal organizations also benefit if there is social distrust of the government or the police.

Criminal organizations keep illicit actions secret, and members communicate in word of mouth, telephone, or Internet. Many organized crime operations have substantial legitimate businesses, such as licensed gambling, building construction, or dock loading enterprises, which operate in parallel with and provide cover for drug trafficking, money laundering, prostitution, extortion, hijacking, fraud, and insider trading, among many other possible criminal activities.

Notable examples of criminal organizations include the Sicilian Mafia (or Cosa Nostra), Camorra, 'Ndrangheta, the Russian Mafia, the Colombian drug cartels, the Japanese Yakuza, and the Brazilian PCC (Primeiro Comando da Capital). Prisoners may also be in criminal organizations.

Political parties or movements are sometimes branded as criminal organizations by their opponents. In 2006, the then House Minority leader, Nancy Pelosi, famously quoated the Washington Post in calling the Republican Party, led by Tom Delay, a "criminal enterprise run out of the leader's office" during the time of the 2006 Republican scandals. World leaders throughout history accused of running their country like a criminal organization include Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin, Mao Zedong, Augusto Pinochet, Idi Amin, Mobutu Sese Seko, Nicolae Ceaucescu, Francisco Franco, Hugo Banzer, and other dictators and military juntas.

In human rights law
Another use of the term "criminal organization" exists in human rights law and refers to an organization which has been found guilty of crimes against humanity. Once an organization is determined to be a criminal organization, one must demonstrate an individual belonged to the organization to be punished and not that an individual actually committed illegal acts.

The concept of a criminal organization came into being during the Nuremberg Trials. Several public sector organizations of Nazi Germany such as the SS and Gestapo were judged to be criminal organizations.

This conception of criminal organizations was, and continues to be, controversial, and has not been used in human rights law since the trials at Nuremberg.

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