Planet Earth, just the facts, written April 2007
Planet Earth is a BBC nature documentary series narrated by David Attenborough, first transmitted in the UK from 5 March 2006. The American version is narrated by Sigourney Weaver. The series was co-produced with Discovery Channel & the Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK) in association with the CBC, & was described by its makers as "the definitive look at the diversity of our planet". It was also the first of its kind to be filmed entirely in high-definition format. The series has been nominated for the Pioneer Audience Award for Best Programme at the 2007 BAFTA TV awards. The programmes were made over four years by producer Alastair Fothergill & his team, who were responsible for the successful The Blue Planet (2001). The narrator, David Attenborough, worked on them while also embarking on the last in his 'Life' series, Life in Cold Blood, which is due for completion in 2008. The series' music is composed by George Fenton. Filming involved visiting 62 countries & 204 different locations. Each of the eleven episodes (except the first) focuses on one of the Earth's natural habitats & examines its indigenous features, together with the breadth of fauna found there. Several animals & locations are shown that have hitherto never been filmed, using innovative camera technology. Previously unseen animal behaviour includes: wolves chasing caribou observed from above; snow leopards pursuing markhor in the Himalayas; grizzly bear cubs leaving their den for the first time; crab-eating macaques that swim underwater; & over a hundred sailfish hunting en masse.
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By contrast with the others, the first instalment gives a general overview of the series by describing each of the environments that are looked at in more detail in later programmes. However, the method used to communicate this — a 'journey' from one end of the Earth to the other — serves to demonstrate the rich variation that exists on the planet as a whole.
Some sequences, particularly in episodes 6–11, are notable for their potentially disturbing content. Examples include a lone elephant being brought down by lions & a polar bear unsuccessfully attacking a walrus colony & subsequently being overcome by hunger & exhaustion. Fothergill confirmed that he asked BBC presentation for an appropriate warning before transmission in such cases:
“ The thing is, we have to tread a fine line between showing nature as it really is & not offending the sensibilities of viewers. I think it's an enormous mistake to try & sanitise nature, but I can assure you that there's plenty of footage that we shan't be showing.”
Apart from David Attenborough's closing narration, the series rarely makes explicit reference to the world's environmental problems. Attenborough indicated that this was intentional:
“ This new series is more a celebration of our planet, not a lament about the state of it. It shows what is still there. In some areas there is no doubt that we are doing damage to our world but, at the same time, there is a vast amount of uncharted & untouched wilderness.”
However, the subject of species conservation
& man's effect on the world's ecosystems is addressed in the companion series,
Planet Earth: The Future.
Each programme has a running time of approximately
58 minutes. This includes Planet Earth Diaries, a 10-minute featurette that details
the filming of a particular event. The show was heavily trailed on the BBC's television
& radio channels both before & during its run. All eleven instalments
had a 9pm Sunday screening on BBC One & in most cases were followed by an
early evening repeat the next Saturday on BBC Two. Besides being BBC One's featured
"One to Watch" programme of the day, its ratings were consistently high,
averaging between seven & nine million viewers for each Sunday transmission.
In the UK, the series was split into two parts. Episodes 1–5 were shown 5 March–2 April 2006 with the remainder broadcast from 5 November 2006, following a further repeat run of part one on BBC Four. Part two premiered on Sundays at 9pm on both BBC One & BBC HD with a second repeat on BBC Four the following week. As a promotion for the autumn series, "Great Plains" received its first public showing at the Edinburgh International Television Festival on 26 August 2006. It was shown on a giant screen in Conference Square.
The music that was featured in the BBC trailers for the series is the track "Hoppípolla" from the album Takk... by Icelandic post-rock band Sigur Rós. Following the advertisements, interest was so widespread that the single was re-released. In Australia, however, it was replaced by "Jupiter", the fourth movement of Gustav Holst's orchestral suite The Planets. The U.S. trailer featured "The Time Has Come" by Shadid & Marberger.
Along with its 2005 dramatisation of Bleak House, the BBC selected Planet Earth for its trial of high-definition broadcasts. The opening episode was its first ever scheduled programme in the format, shown 27 May 2006 on BBC HD.
On 25 March 2007, the series began its run on American television on Discovery Channel, garnering massive ratings & critical acclaim. It was the most watched show on Discovery since The Flight That Fought Back on 11 September 2005. The show was broadcast on Sundays in one 3-hour block followed by four 2-hour blocks. However, it was heavily edited for time, commercials as well as content. Sigourney Weaver replaced David Attenborough as the narrator.
Episodes
A hundred years ago, there were one &
a half billion people on Earth. Now, over six billion crowd our fragile planet.
But even so, there are still places barely touched by humanity. This series will
take you to the last wildernesses & show you the planet & its wildlife
as you have never seen them before.
– David Attenborough's opening narration
1. "From Pole to Pole" Originally transmitted: 5 March 2006 (UK), 25 March 2007 (US) The first episode illustrates a 'journey' around the globe & reveals the effect of gradual climatic change & seasonal transitions en route. During Antarctica's winter, emperor penguins endure four months of darkness, with no food, in temperatures of –70°C. Meanwhile, as spring arrives in the Arctic, polar bear cubs take their first steps into a world of rapidly thawing ice. In northern Canada, the longest overland migration of any animal — over 2000 miles — is that of three million caribou, which are hunted by wolves, & one such pursuit is shown. The forests of eastern Russia are home to the Amur leopard: with a population of just 40 individuals, it is the world's rarest cat. This is primarily because of the destruction of its habitat, & Attenborough states that it "symbolises the fragility of our natural heritage." However, in the tropics, the jungle that covers 3% of the planet's surface supports 50% of its animals. Also depicted is the one-second strike of a great white shark as it pounces on a seal, slowed down forty times. Other species shown include New Guinea's birds of paradise, African hunting dogs in their efficient pursuit of impala, swimming elephants in Africa & 300,000 migrating baikal teal (the world's entire population of the species in one flock). The Planet Earth Diaries segment shows how the wild dog hunt was filmed unobtrusively with the aid of the "heli-gimbal": a powerful, gyro-stabilised camera mounted beneath a helicopter.
2. "Mountains" Originally transmitted: 12 March 2006 (UK), 25 March 2007 (US) The second instalment focuses on the mountains. All the main ranges are explored with extensive aerial photography. Ethiopia's Erta Ale is the longest continually erupting volcano — for over 100 years. On the nearby highlands, geladas (the only primate whose diet is almost entirely of grass) inhabit precipitous slopes nearly three miles up, in troops that are 800-strong: the most numerous of their kind. Alongside them live the critically endangered walia ibex, & both species take turns to act as lookout for predatory Ethiopian wolves. The Andes have the most volatile weather & guanacos are shown enduring a flash blizzard, along with an exceptional group sighting of the normally solitary puma. The Alpine summits are always snow-covered, apart from that of the Matterhorn, which is too sheer to allow it to settle. Grizzly bear cubs emerge from their den for the first time in the Rockies, while Himalayan inhabitants include rutting markhor, golden eagles that hunt migrating demoiselle cranes, & the rare snow leopard. At the eastern end of the range, the giant panda cannot hibernate due to its poor nutriment of bamboo & one of them cradles its week-old cub. Also shown is the Earth's biggest mountain glacier: the Baltoro in Pakistan, which is 43 miles long & visible from space. Planet Earth Diaries demonstrates the difficulty of obtaining the first ever close-up footage of the snow leopards: a process which took over a year.
3. "Fresh Water" Originally transmitted: 19 March 2006 (UK), 15 April 2007 (US) Broadcast 19 March 2006, this programme describes the course taken by rivers & some of the species that take advantage of such a habitat. Only 3% of the world's water is fresh, yet all life is ultimately dependent on it. Its journey begins as a stream in the mountains, illustrated by Venezuela's Tepui, where there is a tropical downpour almost every day. It then travels hundreds of miles before forming rapids. With the aid of some expansive helicopter photography, one sequence demonstrates the vastness of Angel Falls, the world's highest free-flowing waterfall. Its waters drop unbroken for nearly 1,000 metres & are blown away as a mist before they reach the bottom. The erosive nature of rivers is shown by the Grand Canyon, created over five million years by the Colorado River. In Japan, the water is inhabited by the biggest amphibian, the two-metre long giant salamander, while in the northern hemisphere, salmon undertake the largest freshwater migration, & are hunted en route by grizzly bears. Also featured are smooth-coated otters repelling mugger crocodiles & the latter's Nile cousin ambushing wildebeest as they cross the Mara River. Roseate spoonbills are numerous in the Pantanal & are prey to spectacled caiman. In addition, there are cichlids, piranhas, river dolphins & swimming crab-eating macaques. Planet Earth Diaries shows how a camera crew filmed a piranha feeding frenzy in Brazil — after a two-week search for the opportunity.
4. "Caves" The Lechuguilla CaveOriginally transmitted: 26 March 2006 (UK), 22 April 2007 (US) This episode explores the "planet earth's final frontier": the world of caves & tunnels. Mexico's Cave of Swallows is 400 metres deep & is the Earth's biggest. Diving into it is akin to jumping off New York City's Empire State Building. Also featured is Borneo's Deer Cave. Its inhabitants include three million wrinkle-lipped bats that live on its ceiling & deposit guano on to an enormous mound below, which is 100 metres high & is blanketed with feeding cockroaches. In addition, there are glimpses of a number of subterranean, eyeless creatures, such as the Texan cave salamander & even a species of crab. The programme ends in the recently discovered Lechuguilla Cave where sulphuric acid had carved unusually ornate, gypsum crystal formations. Planet Earth Diaries reveals how a camera team spent a month among the cockroaches on a tower of bat guano, & the logistics needed to photograph Lechuguilla Cave. For the visit, it took two years to get permission & local authorities are unlikely to allow another.
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5.
"Deserts" Originally transmitted: 2 April 2006 (UK), 1 April 2007 (US)
This instalment features the harsh environment that covers one third of the Earth:
the deserts. Due to Siberian winds, Mongolia's Gobi Desert reaches extremes of
temperature like no other, ranging from –40°C to +50°C. It is home
to the rare Bactrian camel, which eats snow to maintain its fluid level &
must limit itself to 10 litres a day if it is not to prove fatal. Africa's Sahara
is the size of the USA, & just one of its severe dust storms could cover the
whole of Great Britain. While some creatures, such as the dromedary, take them
in their stride, for others the only escape from such bombardments is to bury
themselves in the sand. Few rocks can resist them either & the outcrops shown
in Egypt's White Desert are being inexorably eroded. The biggest dunes (300 metres
high) are to be found in Namibia, while other deserts featured are the Atacama
in Chile, the Sonoran in Arizona, & areas of the Australian outback &
Utah. Animals shown surviving in such an unforgiving habitat include elephants,
lions (hunting oryx), red kangaroos (which moisten their forelegs with saliva
to keep cool), nocturnal fennec foxes, acrobatic flat lizards feeding on black
flies, & duelling Nubian ibex. The final sequence illustrates one of nature's
most fearsome spectacles: a billion-strong plague of desert locusts, destroying
all vegetation in its path. Planet Earth Diaries explains how the hunt for the
elusive Bactrian camels necessitated a two-month trek in Mongolia.
6.
"Ice Worlds" Originally transmitted: 5 November 2006 (UK), 1 April 2007
(US) The sixth programme looks at the regions of the Arctic & Antarctica.
The latter contains 90% of the world's ice, & stays largely deserted until
the spring, when visitors arrive to harvest its waters. Snow petrels take their
place on nunataks & begin to court, but are preyed on by South Polar skuas.
During summer, a pod of humpback whales hunt krill by creating a spiralling net
of bubbles. The onset of winter sees the journey of emperor penguins to their
breeding grounds, 100 miles inland. Their eggs transferred to the males for safekeeping,
the females return to the ocean while their partners huddle into large groups
to endure the extreme cold. At the northern end of the planet, Arctic residents
include musk oxen, who are hunted by Arctic foxes & wolves. A female polar
bear & her two cubs head off across the ice to look for food. As the sun melts
the ice, a glimpse of the Earth's potential future reveals a male polar bear that
is unable to find a firm footing anywhere & has to resort to swimming —
which it cannot do indefinitely. Its desperate need to eat brings it to a colony
of walrus. Although it attacks repeatedly, the herd is successful in evading it
by returning to the sea. Wounded & unable to feed, the bear will not survive.
Meanwhile, back in Antarctica, the eggs of the emperor penguins finally hatch.
Planet Earth Diaries tells of the battle with the elements to obtain the penguin
footage & of unwelcome visits from polar bears.
7. "Great
Plains" Originally transmitted: 12 November 2006 (UK), 8 April 2007 (US)
This episode deals with savanna, steppe, tundra, prairie, & looks at the importance
& resilience of grasses in such treeless ecosystems. Their vast expanses contain
the largest concentration of animal life. In Outer Mongolia, a herd of gazelle
flees a bush fire & has to move on to new grazing, but grass can repair itself
rapidly & soon reappears. On the Arctic tundra during spring, millions of
migratory snow geese arrive to breed & their young are preyed on by Arctic
foxes. Meanwhile, time-lapse photography depicts moving herds of caribou as a
calf is brought down by a chasing wolf. On the North American prairie, bison engage
in the ritual to establish the dominant males. The Tibetan Plateau is the highest
of the plains & despite its relative lack of grass, animals do survive there,
including yak & wild ass. However, the area's most numerous resident is the
pika, whose nemesis is the Tibetan fox. In tropical India, the tall grasses hide
some of the largest creatures & also the smallest, such as the pygmy hog.
The final sequence depicts the African savannah & elephants that are forced
to share a waterhole with a pride of thirty lions. The insufficient water makes
it an uneasy alliance & the latter gain the upper hand during the night when
their hunger drives them to hunt & eventually kill one of the pachyderms.
Planet Earth Diaries explains how the lion hunt was filmed in darkness using infrared
lights.
8. "Jungles" Originally transmitted: 19 November 2006
(UK), 15 April 2007 (US) The next instalment examines jungles & tropical rainforests.
These environments occupy only 3% of the land yet are home to over half of the
world's species. New Guinea is inhabited by almost 40 kinds of birds of paradise,
which avoid conflict with each other by living in different parts of the island.
Some of their elaborate courtship displays are shown. Within the dense forest
canopy, sunlight is prized, & the death of a tree triggers a race by saplings
to fill the vacant space. Figs are a widespread & popular food, & as many
as 44 types of bird & monkey have been observed picking from a single tree.
The sounds of the jungle throughout the day are explored, from the early morning
calls of orangutans to the nocturnal cacophony of courting tree frogs. The importance
of fungi to the rainforest is illustrated by a sequence of them fruiting, including
a parasite called cordyceps. The mutual benefits of the relationship between carnivorous
pitcher plants & red crab spiders is also discussed. In the Congo, roaming
forest elephants are shown reaching a clearing to feed on essential clay minerals
within the mud. Finally, chimpanzees are one of the few jungle animals able to
traverse both the forest floor & the canopy in search of food. In Uganda,
members of a 150-strong community of the primates mount a raid into neighbouring
territory in order to gain control of it. Planet Earth Diaries looks at filming
displaying birds of paradise.
9. "Shallow Seas" Originally
transmitted: 26 November 2006 (UK), 8 April 2007 (US) This programme is devoted
to the shallow seas that fringe the world's continents. Although they constitute
8% of the oceans, they contain most marine life. As humpback whales return to
breeding grounds in the tropics, a mother & its calf are followed. While the
latter takes in up to 500 litres of milk a day, its parent will starve until it
travels back to the poles to feed & it must do this while it still has sufficient
energy left for the journey. The coral reefs of Indonesia are home to the biggest
variety of ocean dwellers. Examples include banded sea kraits, which ally themselves
with goatfish & trevally in order to hunt. In Western Australia, dolphins
'hydroplane' in the shallowest waters to catch a meal, while in Bahrain, 100,000
Socotra cormorants rely on shamals that blow sand grains into the nearby Persian
Gulf, transforming it into a rich fishing ground. The appearance of algae in the
spring starts a food chain that leads to an abundant harvest, & sea lions
& dusky dolphins are among those taking advantage of it. In Southern Africa,
as chokka squid are preyed on by short-tail stingray, the Cape fur seals that
share the waters are hunted by the world's largest predatory fish: the great white
shark. On Marion Island in the Indian Ocean, a group of king penguins must cross
a beach occupied by fur seals that do not hesitate to attack them. Planet Earth
Diaries shows the difficulties of filming the one-second strike of a great white
shark.
10. "Seasonal Forests" Originally transmitted: 3 December
2006 (UK), 22 April 2007 (US) The penultimate episode surveys the coniferous &
deciduous seasonal woodland habitats — the most extensive forests on Earth.
Conifers begin sparsely in the Arctic but soon dominate the land, & the taiga
circles the globe, containing a third of all the Earth's trees. Few creatures
can survive the Arctic climate all year round, but the moose & wolverine are
exceptions. 1600 kilometres to the south, on the Pacific coast of North America,
conifers have reached their full potential. These include some of the world's
tallest trees: the redwoods. Here, a pine marten is shown stalking a squirrel,
& great grey owl chicks take their first flight. Further south still, in the
Valdivian forests of Chile, a population of smaller animals exist, including the
pudú & the kodkod. During spring in a European broad-leaved forest,
a mandarin duck leads its day-old family to leap from its tree trunk nest to the
leaf litter below. On a summer night on North America's east coast, periodical
cicadas emerge en masse to mate — an event that occurs every seventeen years.
After revisiting Russia's Amur leopards in winter, a timelapse sequence illustrates
the effect of the ensuing spring on the deciduous forest floor. In India's teak
forests, a langur monkey strays too far from the chital that act as its sentinels
& falls prey to a tiger. Planet Earth Diaries explains how aerial shots were
achieved by the use of a 'cinebule', an adapted hot air balloon.
11.
"Ocean Deep" Originally transmitted: 10 December 2006 (UK), 25 March
2007 (US) The final instalment concentrates on the most unexplored area of the
planet: the deep ocean. It begins with a whale shark used as a shield by a shoal
of bait fish to protect themselves from yellowfin tuna. Also shown is an oceanic
whitetip shark trailing rainbow runners. Meanwhile, a 500-strong school of dolphins
head for the Azores, where they work together to feast on scad mackerel. Down
in the ocean's furthest reaches, some creatures defy classification. On the sea
floor, scavengers such as the spider crab bide their time, awaiting carrion from
above. The volcanic mountain chain at the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean also sustains
life through the bacteria that surround its sulphide vents. There are thought
to be around 30,000 undersea volcanoes, some of them taller than Mount Everest.
Their sheer cliffs provide anchorage for several corals & sponges. Nearer
the surface, the currents that surround these seamounts force nutrients up from
below & thus marine life around them is abundant. Off the Mexican coast, a
large group of sailfish encircle another shoal of bait fish. The hunters change
colour as a message of their intentions, since an attack could also be fatal to
others of their number. The last sequence depicts the largest animal on Earth:
the blue whale, of which 300,000 once roamed the world's oceans. Now less than
3% remain. Planet Earth Diaries shows the search in the Bahamas for oceanic whitetip
sharks.
"Our planet is still full of wonders. As we explore them, so we gain not only understanding, but power. It's not just the future of the whale that today lies in our hands: it's the survival of the natural world in all parts of the living planet. We can now destroy or we can cherish. The choice is ours."
– David Attenborough, in closing
Planet Earth: The Future The latter episodes were supplemented by Planet Earth: The Future, a series of three 60-minute films that highlight the conservation issues surrounding some of the featured species & environments. The programmes are narrated by Simon Poland & the series producer was Fergus Beeley. The series began transmission on BBC Four after the ninth episode, "Shallow Seas".
1. "Saving Species"
Broadcast 26 November 2006, the first programme asks if there really is an extinction
crisis facing certain species. Alastair Fothergill, series producer of Planet
Earth, admits that making the series was a bittersweet experience since some creatures
were filmed with the knowledge that their continued existence is under threat.
David Attenborough believes that conservation of the natural world is something
that can unite humanity if people know enough about it. Cameraman Martyn Colbeck
relates that on several occasions during a six-week African visit to film for
"Jungles", he & his crew were awakened by the sound of gunshots.
Poaching can quickly wipe out a population, & David Greer of the WWF explains
that in 2005 his team confiscated 70 guns in the area — a 700% increase from
1999. Other featured animals at risk include the walia ibex, the snow leopard,
the boto, & saiga antelope. The attack of a polar bear on a walrus colony
on dry land in "Ice Worlds" was a rare occurrence. Footage is shown
from a BBC Wildlife Special made ten years ago that show the bears hunting smaller
prey on frozen ice. Species have always become extinct, but now, the viewer is
told, the rate of extinction is accelerating & it will "really reach
biblical proportions within a few decades." Mankind is urged to respect biodiversity:
it is estimated that if a monetary value could be put on all that the world's
ecosystems do for humanity, it would total some US$ 30 trillion.
"Into
the Wilderness" Broadcast 3 December 2006, the second part looks at man's
potential effect on the world's areas of wilderness. As the human population has
grown, only a quarter of Earth's land now remains uninhabited (aside from Antarctica).
Although around 12% is protected, this may be enough — providing such places
are not just 'enclosures' & bordering territories are also managed. Ethiopia's
Semien Mountains are increasingly encroached upon for farming land, & this
example leads to the question of overpopulation. Some interviewees argue that
it is not just about numbers: how humans consume their resources is also important.
However, others believe that the world would be greatly more sustainable if the
population level was reduced to about half its current level. Jonathon Porritt
believes that this could be achieved simply: by good education on family planning.
Consumption of fresh water is highlighted: there are now 40,000 more dams in existence
than in 1950. The controversy over drilling for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife
Refuge is discussed by both its advocates & opponents. Biophelia is also examined,
& David Attenborough believes that a child's innate love of wildlife, for
whatever reason, is being lost in adulthood. An answer to deforestation is found
in Costa Rica, where farmers are paid to allow their pasture to revert to forest
for its water services. The programme also deals with climate change, which is
now happening at a faster rate than ever before.
"Living Together"
Broadcast 10 December 2006, the last programme deals with the future of conservation.
It begins by looking at previous efforts. The 'Save the Whale' campaign, which
started in the 1960s, is seen to have had a limited effect, as whaling continues
& fish stocks also decline. In the 1990s, as head of the Kenya Wildlife Service,
Richard Leakey took on the poachers by employing armed units. Although it was
successful in saving elephants, the policy was detrimental to the Maasai people,
who were forced from their land. The need for "fortress" areas is questioned,
& the recently highlighted Raja Ampat coral reef in Indonesia is an example.
The more tourism it generates, the greater the potential for damage & inevitable
coastal construction. Sustainable development is viewed as controversial, &
one contributor perceives it to currently be a "contradiction in terms".
Trophy hunting is also contentious. Those that support it argue that it generates
wealth for local economies, while its opponents point to the reducing numbers
of species such as the markhor. Ecotourism is shown to be beneficial, as it is
in the interests of its providers to protect their environments. However, in some
areas, such as the Borneo rainforests, the great diversity of species is being
replaced by monocultures. The role of both religion & the media in conservation
is argued to be extremely important. Contributors to the programme admit a degree
of worry about the future, but also optimism.
A 5-disc DVD boxset of the
complete series (BBCDVD1883) was released in the UK for regions 2 & 4 (PAL)
on 27 November 2006. Presented in Dolby 5.1 Surround & 16:9 widescreen format,
its bonus features include Planet Earth Diaries (shown with each episode, as on
their original transmission) & Planet Earth: The Future.
2 entertain, which publishes & distributes BBC DVDs, has announced that Blu-ray & HD DVD versions will go on sale in the USA on 24 April 2007, just after the series concludes its run on the Discovery Channel.
BBC Books have issued three
publications. The accompanying book, written by Alastair Fothergill with a foreword
by David Attenborough, was published in hardback on 5 October 2006 (ISBN 0-563-52212-7).
In addition, a 'behind the scenes' paperback, Planet Earth: The Making of an Epic
Series by David Nicholson-Lord, was published on 9 March 2006 (ISBN 0-563-49358-5).
A second paperback, a companion to Planet Earth: The Future edited by Fergus Beeley
& Rosamund Kidman Cox with a foreword by Jonathon Porritt, was also published
on 5 October (ISBN 0-563-53905-4).
Soundtrack On November 20, 2006 a CD was
released with a compilation of the incidental music in Planet Earth. The two-disc
set was split between parts one & two of the series as originally transmitted.
The music was composed by George Fenton & performed by the BBC Concert Orchestra.
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