It aforetimes wis a free kinrick, but then Scotland gaed intil a personal union wi Ingland in 1603, whan Jamie the Saxt o Scotland becam James I o Ingland efter the daith o Elizabeth I. This union wis makkit formal on 1 Mey, 1707 bi the Treaty o Union. The Scots Pairlament wis gotten rid o on 26 Mairch. The union southert baith kinriks, makkin the Kinrick o Graet Breetain, wi a new single Pairlament haudden in Wastmeenster, Lunnon, but some pairts o Scotland's institutions, notably the laund's naitional kirk an education an legal seestems, wis hauden apairt. In 1801, Scotland becam ane o the three launds o the Unitit Kinrick, alang wi Ingland and Irland (nou juist Northren Ireland). Wales is nou seen for uisal as anither laund altho it wis juist a principalitie o the kinrick o Ingland in 1707.
In 1997, the Scots fowk voted tae hae a new pairlament, estaiblisht bi the UK government in the Scotland Act 1998. The nou devolved Scots Pairlament haes been gien the pouer tae govern the laund on maist Scots maiters, but haesna ower muckle pouer wi taxes altho it dis hae the pouer tae chynge the UK income tax rate by 3p in the poond.
Scotland's size is maistly that estaiblisht bi the 1237 Treaty o York atween Scotland an Ingland an the 1266 Treatie o Perth atween Scotland an Norrowey. Exceptions is the Isle o Mann, that is nou a croun dependency ootwi the Unitit Kinrick, Orkney an Shetland, that is nou Scots raither nor Dens, an Berwick-upon-Tweed, that wis defined as subject tae the laws o Ingland bi the 1746 Wales an Berwick Act.
The patron saunt o Scotland is Saunt Andra, an
St. Andra's Day is on 30 November but it haesna been muckle celebratit syne the
Reformation.
Etymology (Wird Beginins)
The wird Scot- wis taen frae the Laitin an its uiss micht weel date fae aboot the first hauf o the 10t century, whan it first appeared in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle an harkent tae the Laund o the Gaels, analogous tae the Laitin Scotia. Scots kings adoptit the teetle Basileus/Rex Scottorum (= Heich King/King o the Gaels, basileus meanin sovereign in Greek, an rex meanin king in the Laitin) an Rex Scotiae (King o Gael-Land) some time in the 11t century, likely influenced bi the style Imperator Scottorum kent tae hae been uised bi Brian Bóruma in Irland in 1005. In modren times the wird "Scot" is uised equally for aw indwallers nae maiter wha their forebeirs wis. This is acause the kintra his haed a ceevic raither nor a single kin orientation for maist o the last thoosand year.
Prehistoric Scotland
Repeated glaciations, that kivered the hail laund-mass o modren Scotland, hae malafoustered ony traces that micht hae existed o bodies bidin thon afore the Mesolithic period. It is thocht that the first post-glacial groups o hunter-gaitherers winned til Scotland aroond 12,800 year aby, as the ice sheet retreated efter the last glaciation. Groups o sattlers begoud biggin the first kent permanent hooses on Scots syle aroond 9,500 year aby, an the first clachans around 6,000 year aby. The weel-presered clachan o Skara Brae on the Mainlaund o Orkney dates frae this period. Neolithic habitation, birrial an ritual steids are in parteecular common an weel-presered in the Northren Isles an Wastren Isles, whaur lack o trees led tae maist structures bein biggit oot o local stane.
Roman influence
The written protohistory
o Scotland begoud wi the in comin o the Roman Empire in soothren an central Graet
Breetain, whan the Romans occupied whit is nou Ingland an Wales, administerin
it as a province cried Britannia. Roman invasions an occupations o soothren Scotland
war a series o brief interludes. In 83–4 AD the general Gnaeus Julius Agricola
defeated the Caledonians at the battle o Mons Graupius, an Roman forts war briefly
set alang the Gask Ridge naur tae the Hieland line (nane are kent tae hae been
constructed ayont that line). Three year efter the battle the Roman airmies haed
resiled tae the Soothren Uplands. Thay pit up Hadrian's Waw for tae haud in the
tribes on baith sides o the waw, an the Limes Britannicus becam the northren laundmairch
o the empire, awtho the airmy hauden on tae the Antonine Waw in the Central Lawlands
for twa short periods—the hindmaist o thaim wis durin the time o Emperor
Septimius Severus frae 208 till 210. The extent o Roman military occupation o
ony significant pairt o Scotland wis limited tae a total o aboot 40 year, awtho
thair influence on the soothren section o the kintra occupeed by Brythonic tribes
sic as the Votadini an Damnonii wad still hae been considerable.
, Medieval
period
In 1603, James VI Keeng o Scots inherited the throne o the Kinrick o Ingland, an becam Keeng James I o Ingland, an left Edinburgh for Lunnon. There were many m,assacres by Royalists in the 1640s. Apairt frae a short period unner the Protectorate, Scotland steyed a sinder state, but there wis guid puckle conflict atween the croun an the Covenanters ower the form o kirk government. Efter the Glorious Revolution, the abolition o episcopacy an the dingin doun o the Roman Catholic James VII by William an Mary, Scotland briefly shored tae wale a different Protestant monarch frae Ingland. In 1707, the Scots Pairlament an the Pairlament o Ingland enacted the twin Acts o Union that led tae Scotland's formal incorporation intae the Kinrick o Graet Breetain. The deponed Jacobite Stuart claimants haed steyed popular in the Hielands an nor'east, in parteecular amangst non-Presbyterians. Houaniver, twa major Jacobite uprisings launched in 1715 an 1745 failt tae remuive the Hoose o Hanover frae the Breetish throne. The threat o the Jacobite muivement tae the Unitit Kinrick an its monarchs effectively ended at the Battle o Culloden, Graet Breetain's last pitched battle. This defeat paved the wey for lairge-scale remuivals o the indwallers o the Hielands an Islands, kent as the Hieland Clearances.
The Scots Enlightenment an the Industrial Revolution makkit Scotland intae an intellectual, commercial an industrial pouerhoose. Efter Seicont Warld Weir, Scotland experienced an industrial decline that wis parteecular severe. Anerly in raicent decades haes the kintra enjoyed something o a cultural an economic renaissance. Economic factors that hae contribute tae this recovery include a resurgent financial services industry, electronics manufacturin, (see Silicon Glen), an the German Ocean ile an gas industry
Follaein a referendum on devolution proposals in 1997, the Scotland Act 1998 wis passed by the Unitit Kinrick Pairlament for tae estaiblish a devolved Scots Pairlament.
, Islands
Scotland haes mair nor 790 islands, whilk are sindert intil fower groups: Shetland, Orkney, an the Hebrides, whilk are sub-dividit intil the Inner Hebrides an Ooter Hebrides.
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