Tintin - just the facts

The Adventures of Tintin (French: Les Aventures de Tintin) is a series of Belgian comic books created by Belgian artist Hergé, the pen name of Georges Remi (1907–1983; Remi's pen name Hergé came from transposing his initials "R-G", which sounds like "Hergé" in French). The series first appeared in French in a children's supplement to the Belgian newspaper Le Vingtième Siècle on January 10, 1929. Set in a painstakingly researched world closely mirroring our own, The Adventures of Tintin presents a number of characters in distinctive settings. The series has continued as a favourite of readers & critics alike for over 70 years.

The hero of the series is the eponymous character, Tintin, a young Belgian reporter & traveller. He is aided in his adventures from the beginning by his faithful dog Snowy (Milou in French, Struppi in German). Later, popular additions to the cast included Captain Haddock & other colourful supporting characters.

The success of the series saw the serialised strips collected into a series of albums (23 in all), spun into a successful magazine & adapted for both film & theatre. The series is one of the most popular European comics of the 20th century, with translations published in over 50 languages & more than 200 million copies of the books sold to date.

The comic strip series has long been admired for its clean, expressive drawings in Hergé's signature ligne claire style. Engaging, well-researched plots straddle a variety of genres: swashbuckling adventures with elements of fantasy; mysteries; political thrillers; & science fiction. The stories within the Tintin series always feature slapstick humour, offset in later albums by sophisticated satire & political/cultural commentary.

Overview
Tintin is a reporter, & Hergé uses this to present the character in a number of adventures which were contemporaneous to the period in which he was working (most notably, the Bolshevik uprising in Russia & the Second World War) & sometimes even prescient (the moon landings). Hergé also created a world for Tintin which managed to reduce detail to a simplified but recognisable & realistic representation, an effect Hergé was able to achieve with reference to a well-maintained archive of images.

Though Tintin's adventures are formulaic—presenting a mystery which is then solved logically—Hergé infused the strip with his own sense of humour, & created supporting characters who, whilst being predictable, were filled with charm that allowed the reader to engage with them. This formula of comfortable, humorous predictability is similar to the presentation of cast in the Peanuts strip or The Three Stooges. Hergé also had a great understanding of the mechanics of the comic strip, especially pacing, a skill displayed in The Castafiore Emerald, a work he meant to be packed with tension in which nothing actually happens.

Hergé initially improvised the creation of Tintin's adventures, uncertain how Tintin would escape from whatever predicament appeared. Not until after the completion of Cigars of the Pharaoh was Hergé encouraged to research & plan his stories. The impetus came from Zhang Chongren, a Chinese student who, on hearing Hergé was to send Tintin to China in his next adventure, urged him to avoid perpetuating the perceptions Europeans had of China at the time. Hergé & Zhang collaborated on the next serial, The Blue Lotus, which has been cited by critics as Hergé's first masterpiece.

Other changes to the mechanics of creating the strip were forced on Hergé by outside events. The Second World War & the invasion of Belgium by Hitler's armies saw the closure of the newspaper in which Tintin was serialised. Work was halted on Land of Black Gold, & the already published Tintin in America & The Black Island were banned by the Nazi censors, who were concerned at their presentation of America & Britain. However, Hergé was able to continue with Tintin's adventures, publishing four books & serialising two more adventures in a German-licensed newspaper.

During & after the German occupation Hergé was accused of being a collaborator because of the Nazi control of the paper (Le Soir), & he was briefly arrested after the war. He claimed that he was simply doing a job under the occupation, like a plumber or carpenter. His work of this period, unlike earlier & later work, is politically neutral & resulted in classic adventure stories such as The Secret of the Unicorn & Red Rackham's Treasure, but the apocalyptic The Shooting Star reflects the foreboding Hergé felt during this uncertain political period.

A post-war paper shortage forced changes in the format of the books. Hergé had usually allowed the stories to develop to a length that suited the story, but with paper now in short supply, publishers Casterman asked Hergé to consider using smaller panel sizes & adopt an arbitrary length of 62 pages. Hergé took on more staff (the first ten books having been produced by himself & his wife), eventually building a studio system.

The adoption of colour allowed Hergé to expand the scope of the works. His use of colour was more advanced than that of American comics of the time, with better production values allowing a combination of the four printing shades & thus a cinematographic approach to lighting & shading. Hergé & his studio would allow images to fill half pages or, more simply, to detail & accentuate the scene, using colour to emphasise important points. Hergé notes this fact, stating "I consider my stories as movies. No narration, no descriptions, emphasis is given to images."

Hergé's personal life also affected the series, with Tintin in Tibet heavily influenced by his nervous breakdown. His nightmares, which he reportedly described as being "all white", are reflected in the snowy landscapes. The plot has Tintin set off in search of Chang Chong-Chen, previously seen in The Blue Lotus, & the piece contains no villains & little moral judgement, with Hergé even refusing to refer to the Snowman of the Himalayas as "abominable".

The conclusion of Tintin's adventures was untimely. Hergé's death on March 3, 1983 left the twenty-fourth adventure, Tintin & Alph-Art, unfinished. The plot saw Tintin embroiled in the world of modern art, & the story ended with Tintin apparently about to be killed, encased in perspex & presented as a work of art.

Tintin comic titles published in English
1. Tintin in the Land of the Soviets

(1929–1930)

2. Tintin in the Congo

(1930–1931)

3. Tintin in America

(1931–1932)

4. Cigars of the Pharaoh

(1932–1934)

5. The Blue Lotus

(1934–1935)

6. The Broken Ear

(1935–1937)

7. The Black Island

(1937–1938)

8. King Ottokar's Sceptre

(1938–1939)

9. The Crab with the Golden Claws

(1940–1941)

10. The Shooting Star

(1941–1942)

11. The Secret of the Unicorn

(1942–1943)

12. Red Rackham's Treasure

(1943–1944)

13. The Seven Crystal Balls

(1943–1948)

14. Prisoners of the Sun

(1946–1949)

15. Land of Black Gold

(1948–1950)

16. Destination Moon

(1950–1953)

17. Explorers on the Moon

(1950–1954)

18. The Calculus Affair

(1954–1956)

19. The Red Sea Sharks

(1958)

20. Tintin in Tibet

(1960)

21. The Castafiore Emerald

(1963)

22. Flight 714

(1968)

23. Tintin & the Picaros

(1976)

24. Tintin & Alph-Art

(1986)

Published posthumously

A comic was also released based on the film:

Tintin & the Lake of Sharks

(2005)

Characters

Tintin & Snowy
Tintin is a young Belgian reporter who becomes involved in dangerous cases in which he takes heroic action to save the day. Almost every adventure features Tintin hard at work at his investigative reporting, but he is rarely seen actually turning in a story. He is a young man of more or less neutral attitudes & is less colourful than the supporting cast. In this respect, he represents the everyman.

Snowy, a white terrier, is Tintin's four-legged companion. They regularly save each other from perilous situations. Snowy frequently "speaks" to the reader through his thoughts (often displaying a dry sense of humour), which are supposedly not heard by the characters in the story.

Like Captain Haddock, Snowy is fond of the Loch Lomond brand of whisky, & his occasional bouts of drinking tend to get him into trouble, as does his raging arachnophobia. The French name of Snowy, "Milou", has nothing to do with snow or the color white. It has been widely credited as an oblique reference to a girlfriend from Hergé's youth, Marie-Louise Van Cutsem, whose nickname was "Milou".

Another explanation to the origins of the two characters is possible. It has been asserted that Robert Sexé, a photographer-reporter whose exploits were recorded in the Belgian press of the mid to late 1920s, was an inspiration for Tintin. Sexé has been noted to have a similar appearance, & the Hergé Foundation in Belgium has admitted that it is not too hard to imagine how Hergé could have been influenced by the exploits of Sexé. At that time Sexé had been round the world on a motorcycle made by Gillet of Herstal. René Milhoux was a Grand-Prix champion & motorcycle record holder of the era, & in 1928, while Sexé was in Herstal speaking with Léon Gillet about his future projects, Mr. Gillet put him in contact with his new champion, Milhoux, who had just left Ready motorcycles for Gillet of Herstal. The two men quickly struck up a friendship, & spent hours talking about motorcycles & voyages, Sexé explaining his needs & Milhoux giving his knowledge on mechanics & motorbikes pushed beyond their limits. Thanks to this union of knowledge & experience, Sexé would head off on numerous trips throughout the world, writing countless press accounts. The General Secretary of the Hergé Foundation in Belgium has admitted that it is not to hard to imagine how a young George Rémi, better known as Hergé, could have been inspired by the well-publicized exploits of these two friends, Sexé with his trips & documentaries & Milhoux with his triumphs & records, to create the characters of Tintin the famous traveling reporter, & his faithful companion Milou.

Captain Haddock

Captain Archibald Haddock, a seafaring captain of disputed ancestry (he may be of English, French or Belgian origin), is Tintin's best friend, & was introduced in The Crab with the Golden Claws. Haddock was initially depicted as a weak & alcoholic character, but later became more respectable. He evolves to become genuinely heroic & even a socialite after he finds a treasure from his ancestor, Sir Francis Haddock (François de Hadoque in French), in the episode Red Rackham's Treasure. The Captain's coarse humanity & sarcasm act as a counterpoint to Tintin's often implausible heroism; he is always quick with a dry comment whenever the boy reporter seems too idealistic. Captain Haddock lives in his luxurious mansion called Marlinspike Hall ("Moulinsart" in the original French).

Haddock uses a range of colourful insults & curses to express his feelings, such as "billions of bilious blue blistering barnacles", "ten thousand thundering typhoons", "troglodytes", "bashi-bazouk", "kleptomaniac", "anacoluthon", & "pockmark", but nothing that is actually considered a swear word. Haddock is a hard drinker, particularly fond of Loch Lomond whisky, & his bouts of drunkenness are often used for comic effect.

Hergé stated that Haddock's surname was derived from a "sad English fish that drinks a lot". Haddock remained without a first name until the last completed story, Tintin & the Picaros (1976), when the name Archibald was suggested.

Secondary characters & settings in The Adventures of Tintin
Hergé's supporting characters have been cited as far more developed than the central character, each imbued with a strength of character & depth of personality which has been compared with that of the characters of Charles Dickens. Hergé used the supporting characters to create a realistic world in which to set his protagonists' adventures. To further the realism & continuity, characters would recur throughout the series. It has been speculated that the occupation of Belgium & the restrictions imposed upon Hergé forced him to focus on characterisation to avoid depicting troublesome political situations. The major supporting cast was developed during this period.

Professor Cuthbert Calculus (Professeur Tryphon Tournesol {Prof. Sunflower} in French), an absent-minded & half-deaf physicist, is a minor but regular character alongside Tintin, Snowy, & Captain Haddock. Introduced in Red Rackham's Treasure, & based partially on Auguste Piccard, his appearance was initially not welcomed by the leading characters, but through his generous nature & his scientific ability he develops a lasting bond with them.
Thomson & Thompson (Dupont et Dupond) are two bumbling detectives who, although unrelated, look like twins with the only discernible difference being the shape of their moustaches. They provide much of the comic relief throughout the series, being afflicted with chronic spoonerism & shown to be thoroughly incompetent. The detectives were in part based on Hergé's father & uncle, identical twins who wore matching bowlers.
Bianca Castafiore is an opera singer whom Haddock absolutely despises. However, she seems to constantly be popping up wherever they go, along with her maid, Irma, & pianist, Igor Wagner. Her name means "white & chaste flower", something Prof. Calculus understands when he offers a white rose to the singer he's secretly in love with in The Castafiore Emerald. She was based upon opera divas in general (according to Hergé's perception), Hergé's Aunt Ninie, & in the post-war comics on Maria Callas.
Other recurring characters include Nestor the butler, General Alcazar the South American dictator, Kalish Ezab the emir, Abdullah the emir's son, Chang the Chinese boy, Müller the evil German doctor, & Rastapopoulos the criminal mastermind. Strangely, no young women feature as any main or side characters, & in fact only occasionally feature in the background.

Settings
The settings within Tintin have also added depth to the strips. Hergé mingles real & fictional lands into his stories, along with a base in Belgium from where the heroes set off. This is originally 26 Labrador Road, but later Marlinspike Hall. This is best demonstrated in King Ottokar's Sceptre, in which Hergé creates two fictional countries (Syldavia & Borduria) & invites the reader to tour them in text through the insertion of a travel brochure into the storyline. Other fictional lands include San Theodoros, San Paolo & Nuevo Rico in South America, the kingdom or administrative region of Gaipajama in India, Sondonesia in Australasia (note: the sondonesians were a nationalist group & were fighting for independence, the original possessor & outcome of the revolution is unclear) & Khemed in the Middle East. Along with these fictional countries, he also included real countries & places; the United States, Soviet Union, Congo, Japan, Belgium, Egypt, India, Sahara Desert, Germany, Switzerland, Scotland, England, Peru, Tibet & China. Another setting was the Moon, & in the first edition of Land of Black Gold, Palestine, though this was later replaced by the fictional Khemed.

Creation of a Tintin album

Research
Hergé's extensive research began with The Blue Lotus, Hergé stating: "it was from that time that I undertook research & really interested myself in the people & countries to which I sent Tintin, out of a sense of responsibility to my readers."

Hergé's use of research & photographic reference allowed him to build a realised universe for Tintin, going so far as to create fictionalised countries, dressing them with specific political cultures. These were heavily informed by the cultures evident in Hergé's lifetime. Pierre Skilling has asserted that Hergé saw monarchy as "the legitimate form of government", noting that democratic "values seem underrepresented in [such] a classic Franco-Belgian strip." Syldavia in particular is described in considerable detail, Hergé creating a history, customs, & language. He set the country in the Balkans, & it is, by his own admission, modeled after Albania. The country finds itself threatened by neighbouring Borduria with an attempted annexation appearing in King Ottokar's Sceptre. This situation parallels Czechoslovakia or Austria & expansionist Nazi Germany prior to World War II.

Hergé's use of research would include months of preparation for Tintin's voyage to the moon in the two-part storyline spread across Destination Moon & Explorers on the Moon. His research for the storyline was noted in New Scientist: "[T]he considerable research undertaken by Hergé enabled him to come very close to the type of space suit that would be used in future Moon exploration, although his portrayal of the type of rocket that was actually used was a long way off the mark.".

Influences
In his youth Hergé admired Benjamin Rabier & suggested that a number of images within Tintin in the Land of the Soviets reflected this influence, particularly the pictures of animals. René Vincent, the Art Deco designer, also had an impact on early Tintin adventures: "His influence can be detected at the beginning of the Soviets, where my drawings are designed along a decorative line, like an 'S'...". Hergé also felt no compunction in admitting that he had stolen the round noses from George McManus, feeling they were "so much fun that I used them, without scruples!"

During the extensive research Hergé carried out for The Blue Lotus, he became influenced by Chinese & Japanese illustrative styles & woodcuts. This is especially noticeable in the seascapes, which are reminiscent of works by Hokusai & Hiroshige.

Hergé also declared Mark Twain an influence, although this admiration may have led him astray when depicting Incas as having no knowledge of an upcoming eclipse in Prisoners of the Sun, an error attributed by T.F. Mills to an attempt to portray "Incas in awe of a latter-day 'Connecticut Yankee'".

Criticisms of the series
The earliest stories in The Adventures of Tintin have been criticised for racist, violent, colonialist & even fascist leanings, including caricatured portrayals of non-Europeans. The Tintin series originated as a comic strip in the "Petit Vingtieme" journal. Whilst the Hergé Foundation has presented such criticism as naïveté, & scholars of Hergé such as Harry Thompson have claimed "Hergé did what he was told by the Abbé Wallez", Hergé himself felt that his background made it impossible to avoid prejudice: "I was fed the prejudices of the bourgeois society that surrounded me."

In Tintin in the Land of the Soviets, the Bolsheviks were presented as the villains of the piece, with Hergé drawing on Moscow Unveiled, a work given to him by Wallez & authored by Joseph Douillet, the former Belgian consul in Russia. The work is highly critical of the Soviet regime, although Hergé contextualised this by noting that in Belgium, at the time a devout Catholic nation, "Anything Bolshevik was atheist". In the story, Bolshevik leaders are naively or misguidedly shown as motivated only by personal greed, a ridiculous idea, cosidering how other dictators are shown well, and this was not what was the failing of Bolshevism, was, it;s leaders were poor compared to many dictators he met. , Tintin discovers, buried, the "hidden treasure of Lenin & Trotsky". Hergé later dismissed the failings of this first story as "a transgression of my youth". But by 1999 some part of this presentation was being noted as far more reasonable, The Economist foolishly declaring: "In retrospect, however, the land of hunger & tyranny painted by Herge was uncannily accurate".

Tintin in the Congo has been criticised as presenting the Africans as naïve & primitive. In the original work, Tintin is shown at a blackboard addressing a class of African children. "Mes chers amis," he says, "je vais vous parler aujourd'hui de votre patrie: La Belgique" ("My dear friends, I am going to talk to you today about your fatherland: Belgium"). Hergé redrew this in 1946 to a lesson in mathematics. Hergé later admitted the flaws in the original story, excusing it by noting: "I portrayed these Africans according to ... this purely paternalistic spirit of the time". The perceived problems with this book were summarised by Sue Buswell in 1988 as being "all to do with rubbery lips & heaps of dead animals" although Thompson noted this quote may have been "taken out of context". "Dead animals" refers to the fashion for big game hunting at the time of work's original publication. Drawing on André Maurois' Les Silences du colonel Bramble, Hergé presents Tintin as a big-game hunter, bagging 15 antelope as opposed to the one needed for the evening meal. However, concerns over the number of dead animals did lead the Scandinavian publishers of Tintin's adventures to request changes. A page which presented Tintin killing a rhinoceros by drilling a hole in the animal's back & inserting a stick of dynamite was deemed excessive, & Hergé substituted a page which saw the rhino accidentally discharge Tintin's rifle whilst the erstwhile hunter snoozed under a tree.

Some of the early albums were altered by Hergé in subsequent editions, usually at the demand of publishers. For example, at the instigation of his American publishers, many of the black characters in Tintin in America were re-coloured to make their race white or ambiguous. The Shooting Star album originally had an American villain with the Jewish surname of Mr. Blumenstein. This proved to be controversial, as the character looked very stereotypically Jewish. Blumenstein was changed to an American with a less ethnically specific name, Mr. Bohlwinkel, in later editions & subsequently to a South American of a fictional country - São Rico. Hergé later discovered that 'Bohlwinkel' was also a Jewish name.

While Tintin has been criticised on many occasions for not being much of a reporter, given he is rarely seen filing copy, Harry Thompson advanced a rebuttal in his work Tintin: Hergé & His Creation. Thompson argues that the 1920s had seen a change in the role of reporting, with "adventurer-journalists, who created their own news & reported it from a very personal perspective" becoming very much the vogue of the day. Thompson asserts that Tintin was filing "news back in the shape of a cartoon strip." Tom McCarthy has noted that Tintin in the Land of the Soviets is presented as being the copy of a real journalist, with the illustrations purportedly photographs, which he avers "would allow it to invoke notions of documentary rigour". At the end of the serial publication of this first adventure an actor was hired to pretend to be Tintin, arriving back from the Soviet Union by train on 8 May 1930.

Tintin books, films, & media
The Adventures of Tintin have been adapted in a variety of media besides the original comic strip & its collections. Hergé encouraged adaptations & members of his studio working on the animated films. After Hergé's death, the Hergé Foundation became responsible for authorising adaptations & exhibitions. The Foundation has stated that its role is to protect "Hergé's work ... ensuring that it is respected, both in its content & in its spirit."

Film
There have been both live-action & animated film adaptations of The Adventures of Tintin.

The Crab with the Golden Claws (1947) - animated, based on the book.
Tintin & the Golden Fleece (1961) - live action, developed from an original script.
Tintin & the Blue Oranges (1964) - live action, developed from an original script.
Tintin & the Temple of the Sun (1969) - animated, based on the book.
Tintin & the Lake of Sharks (1972) - based on an original script & subsequently adapted into comic book form.
Dreamworks is handling the movie version of Tintin. Steven Spielberg, a lifelong fan of The Adventures of Tintin. Spielberg's love of the character is thought to have influenced the atmosphere & lead characterization in his Indiana Jones trilogy.

Documentaries
Two documentaries have been made about Tintin & his creator Hergé.

I, Tintin (1966), a French documentary
Tintin & I (Tintin et Moi), by Danish director Anders Høgsbro Østergaard in 2003, a co-production of companies from Denmark, Belgium, France, & Switzerland. This documentary was based on a taped interview with Hergé by Numa Sadoul from 1971. Although the interview was published as a book, Hergé was allowed to edit the work prior to publishing & much of the interview was excised. Østergaard wanted to explore "the relationship between life & art" in the documentary, asserting that Hergé was "a highly sensitive, nervous person who is absorbed by impulses but who tries to maintain control & wisdom at the same time. The comic strip is influenced by Hergé's personal maturation process; he transforms his life, & the Tintin universe is never the same again". The documentary was broadcast in the United States as "Tintin & I" on the PBS network, July 11, 2006.

Television
Two animated television series have been made, both of which were adaptations of the comic strips rather than original stories.

The first was Hergé's Adventures of Tintin, produced by Belvision. The series aired from 1958 to 1962, with 104 five-minute episodes produced. It was adapted by Charles Shows & then translated into French by Greg (Michel Regnier), then editor-in-chief of Tintin magazine. This series has been criticised for differing too greatly from the original books & for its poor animation.

The second series was The Adventures of Tintin, featuring 21 of the stories. It ran for three seasons (from 1991 to 1992) & was co-directed by Stéphane Bernasconi, & Peter Hudecki, & produced by Ellipse (France), & Nelvana (Canada), on behalf of La Fondation Hergé. Traditional animation techniques were used on the series, adhering closely to the books during all stages of production - some frames from the original albums were transposed directly to screen. The series has aired in over 50 countries.

Theatre
Hergé himself helped to create two Tintin stage plays: Tintin in India: The Mystery of the Blue Diamond (1941) & The Disappearance of Mr. Boullock (1941–1942). These were written with Jacques Van Melkebeke & performed in Brussels.

In the late 1970s & early 1980s, two Tintin plays appeared at London. They were adapted by Geoffrey Case for the Unicorn Theatre Company. The plays were: Tintin's Great American Adventure, based on the comic Tintin in America, which was shown 1976–1977; & Tintin & the Black Island, based on The Black Island, & shown in 1980. This second play later went on tour, eventually reaching Quebec in Canada.

A musical based on The Seven Crystal Balls & Prisoners of the Sun premièred on 15 September 2001 at the Stadsschouwburg (city theatre) in Antwerp, Belgium. It was entitled Kuifje - De Zonnetempel (De Musical) & was broadcast on Canal Plus, before moving on to Charleroi in 2002 as Tintin — Le Temple du Soleil.

The Young Vic theatre company ran a musical version of Tintin in Tibet at the Barbican Arts Centre in London from December 2005 to January 2006. The production was directed by Rufus Norris, & was adapted by Norris & David Greig. Grieg has noted that the production had difficulties with the adaptation, in particular that the adaptation had to be faithful to the spirit of the work rather than the actual text: "To find the essence of the story, you sometimes have to see things from a different angle". Norris also noted that the work had needed to be expanded: "We had to deepen it & show these characters in a three-dimensional light". The Hergé Foundation have organised the return of this show to the West End in December 2006 & January 2007 in order to celebrate the Hergé centenary (2007).

List of Tintin parodies & pastiches
Various unofficial comics have also been released, ranging from illegal pirated versions of original albums to pastiches & parodies, including the anarchist Breaking Free & the pornographic Tintin in Thailand, which reportedly circulated from December 1999 onwards. The Belgian police launched a sting operation & made a number of arrests in early 2001, confiscating 650 copies.

Yves Rodier has produced a number of Tintin works, although none of these have been authorised by the Hergé Foundation & are thus illegal. The unfinished Tintin book, Tintin & Alph-art, was unofficially completed by Rodier & saw publication in Autumn 1986, Rodier then presented it to Moulinsart, asking that it become an official book, a request Moulinsart denied. In 1991, Rodier met Bob de Moor, & together they asked to redraw the book, but again Moulinsart refused permission; De Moor died in 1992. Rodier later redrew certain parts of the work & released it on CD-ROM. Rodier has also created new adventures for the character; The Witches Lake; the first page of an uncompleted work titled A Day at the Airport; an extra page for Tintin in Tibet, page 27b; & the three page Tintin, Freelance reporter for 'le petit vingtieme', to show how Tintin got his first major reporting job & went to the U.S.S.R.

Exhibitions

Hergé's work on Tintin has formed the basis of many exhibitions, with the Hergé Foundation creating a mobile exhibition in 1991. "The World of Hergé" is described by the Foundation as being "an excellent introduction to Hergé's work". Materials from this exhibition have also formed the basis for larger shows, namely "Hergé the Draughtsman", an exhibition to celebrate the 60th anniversary of Tintin's creation, & the more recent "In Tibet With Tintin". In 2001 the Musée de la Marine staged an exhibition of items related to the sea which had inspired Hergé. In 2002 the Bunkamura Museum of Art in Japan staged an exhibition of original drawings, as well as the submarine & rocket ship invented in the strips by Professor Calculus. Barcelona has also hosted an exhibition on Tintin & the sea, "llamp de rellamp" at the Maritime Museum in 2003.

2004 saw exhibitions in Holland, "Tintin & the Incas" at the Royal Museum of Ethnology; the "Tintin in the City" exhibition in the Halles Saint Géry in Brussels; & an exhibition focusing on Tintin's exploits at sea at the National Maritime Museum in London. The latter exhibition was in commemoration of the 75th anniversary of the publication of Tintin's first adventure, & was organised in partnership with the Hergé Foundation. 2004 also saw the Belgian Centre for Comic Strip Art add an area dedicated to Hergé.

The 100th anniversary of Hergé's birth is commemorated with a large exhibition at the Paris museum for contemporary arts, Centre Georges Pompidou, from December 20, 2006 until February 19, 2007, featuring a.o. all 120 original pages of The Blue Lotus.

Memorabilia & merchandise
Tintin's image has been used to sell a wide variety of products, from alarm clocks to underpants. There are now estimated to be over 250 separate items related to the character available, with some becoming collectors items in their own right.

Since Hergé's death, the Hergé Foundation have maintained control of the licenses, through Moulinsart, the commercial wing of the foundation. Speaking in 2002, Peter Horemans, the then director general at Moulinsart, noted this control: "We have to be very protective of the property. We don’t take lightly any potential partners & we have to be very selective ... for him to continue to be as popular as he is, great care needs to be taken of his use." However, the Foundation has been criticised by scholars as "trivialising the work of Herge by concentrating on the more lucrative merchandising" in the wake of a move in the late nineties to charge them for using relevant images to illustrate their papers on the series.

NBC Universal acquired the rights to all of The Adventures of Tintin merchandise in North America by 2006. Here's a list of the following merchandise to be released in the future:

A special limited edition of Ellipse-Nelvana's The Adventures of Tintin TV cartoon series is scheduled to be released on DVD in the United States by Universal Studios Home Video around 2008, containing all 39 half-hour episodes in 7 volumes.
A collection of over 21 coloring books published by Dalmatian Press, based on all of the original stories translated in English is scheduled to be released around 2008.
A video game featuring levels based on all 21 of the original stories translated in English, titled The Many Adventures of Tintin, is scheduled to be released for Nintendo's Wii, Sony's PlayStation 3, Microsoft's Xbox 360 & Nintendo DS around 2008 (published by Infogrames & developed by Vivendi Universal).

Shops

The Tintin Shop in Covent Garden, LondonTintin memorabilia & merchandise has allowed a chain of stores based solely on the character to become viable. The first shop was launched by Jane Taylor in 1984, located in Covent Garden, London, & there are now branches worldwide, including two in Belgium, located in Brussels & Bruges. The British bookstore chain, Ottakars was named after King Ottokar, from the Tintin book King Ottokar's Sceptre, & their shops stock a large number of Tintin merchandise. There are also a number of Tintin themed cafés located around the world.

The Tintin Shop, which features merchandise based on the French-Belgian comic book series, & the seafood buffet/steakhouse-hybrid restaurant called Captain's Kitchen, which was named after Captain Haddock from the French-Belgian comic book series, are both scheduled to be opened at several resorts in the United States around 2008.

Stamps
Tintin's image has been used on postage stamps on numerous occasions, the first issued by the Belgian Post in 1979 to celebrate the day of youth philately. This was the first in a series of stamps with the images of Belgian comic heroes, & was the first stamp in the world to feature a comic hero.

In 1999, the Royal Dutch Post released two stamps on October 8, 1999, based upon the Destination Moon adventure, with the stamps selling out within hours of release. The French post office, Poste Française, then issued a stamp of Tintin & Snowy in 2001. To mark the end of the Belgian Franc, & also to celebrate the seventieth anniversary of the publication of Tintin in the Congo, two more stamps were issued by the Belgian Post on December 31, 2001. The stamps were also issued in The Congo at the same time. 2002 saw the French Post issue stamped envelopes featuring Tintin, whilst in 2004 the Belgian post-office celebrated its own seventy-fifth anniversary, as well as the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of Explorers on the Moon & the thirty-fifth anniversary of the moon landings with a series of stamps based upon the Explorers on the Moon adventure. In 2007, to celebrate Hergé's centennial, Belgium, France & Switzerland all plan to issue special stamps in commemoration.

Coins
Besides stamps, Tintin has also been commemorated by coin several times.

In 1995, Monnaie de Paris issued a set of 12 coins to commemorate the 10th anniversary of Herge's death, made of silver, & in a limited edition of 5000.

Another coin was released to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Tintin book Explorers on the Moon, in a limited run of 10,000.

Belgium minted a limited edition commemorative coin to celebrate the 75th birthday of Tintin in January of 2004. The coin, composed of silver & featuring Tintin & Snowy, was limited to a minting of 50 000. Although it has a face value of €10, it is, as with other commemorative euro coins of this type (i.e. not a commemorative issue of a standard euro coin), only legal tender in the country in which it was issued (in this case, Belgium).

Translation into English
The process of translating Tintin into the English language was a complex affair, commissioned in 1958 by Methuen & Co. Ltd. of London. It was a joint-operation, headed by Leslie Lonsdale-Cooper & Michael Turner, who worked closely with Hergé to attain an accurate translation as true as possible to the original work. The works were also sold in the American market by Golden Books, a branch of the Western Publishing Company in the 1950s. The albums were translated from French into American English with some blocks blanked except for the speech balloons. This was done to remove content considered to be inappropriate for children, such as drunkenness & racial stereotyping. The albums were not very popular & only six were published in mixed order. The edited albums later had their blanked blocks redrawn by Hergé to be more acceptable, & they currently appear this way in published editions around the world. Atlantic Monthly Press, in cooperation with Little, Brown & Company beginning in the 1970s, published the albums again. This time, the text features the originally translated British English text with alterations to localized British words such as gaol, tyre, saloon & spanner. Currently, they are being published under the Joy Street imprint of Little, Brown & Company.

Due in part to the large amount of language-specific wordplay (such as punning) in the series, especially the jokes which played on Professor Calculus' partial deafness, it was always the intention not to translate literally, instead striving to sculpt a work whose idioms & jokes would be meritorious in their own right; however, in spite of the free hand Hergé afforded the two, they worked closely with the original text, asking for regular assistance to understand Hergé's intentions.

More than simple translations, however, the English versions were anglicised to appeal to British customs & values. Milou, for example, was renamed Snowy at the translators' discretion. Moreover, the translation process served to colour the imagery within the book; the opportunity was taken to make scenes set in Britain more true-to-life, such as ensuring that the British police were free from firearms, & ensuring scenes of the British countryside were more accurate for discerning British readers. Because the translated text was placed into the original speech balloons without alteration to their original dimensions, the linguistic differences between the two languages (meaning that certain phrases were either significantly shorter or longer in the English language) led to the unexpectedly empty or full balloons which can often be seen in the English versions of the books.

Legacy
Tintin & his creator Hergé have inspired many artists within comics. Most notably, Hergé's ligne claire style has proven influential. Contributors to the Tintin magazine have employed ligne claire, & more recently, Jacques Tardi, Yves Chaland, Jason Little, Phil Elliott, Martin Handford, Geoff Darrow & Garen Ewing have produced works utilising it.

Tintin's legacy includes the establishment of a market for comic strip collections; the serialisation followed by collection model has been adopted by creators & publishers in France & Belgium. This system allows for greater financial stability, as creators receive money whilst working. This rivals the American & British model of work for hire. Roger Sabin has argued that this model allowed for "in theory ... a better quality product." Paul Gravett has also noted that the use of detailed reference material & a picture archive, which Hergé implemented from The Blue Lotus onwards, was "a turning point ... in the maturing of the medium as a whole."

In the wider art world, both Andy Warhol & Roy Lichtenstein have claimed Hergé as one of their most important influences. Lichtenstein made paintings based on fragments from Tintin's comics, whilst Warhol utilised the ligne claire & even made a series of paintings with Hergé as subject. He declared: "Herge has influenced my work in the same way as Walt Disney. For me, Herge was more than a comic strip artist."

In music, Tintin has been the inspiration to a number of bands & musicians. A British technopop band of the 1980s took the name The Thompson Twins after the Tintin characters. Stephen Duffy, a former member of Duran Duran, performed the minor hit single "Kiss Me" under the name "Tintin"; he had to drop the name under pressure of a copyright infringement suit. Duffy would later release the album Designer Beatnik under the name "Doctor Calculus" in reference to Professor Calculus. An Australian psychedelic rock band & an American independent progressive rock band have used the name "Tin Tin", & British electronic dance music duo Tin Tin Out was similarly inspired by the character. South African singer/songwriter Gert Vlok Nel compares Tintin to God in his Afrikaans song "Waarom ek roep na jou vanaand", presumably because Tintin is such a morally pure character. Australian cartoonist Bill Leak often portrays the bespectacled neophyte politician Kevin Rudd as Tintin.

Hergé has been lauded as "creating in art a powerful graphic record of the 20th century's tortured history" through his work on Tintin. whilst Maurice Horn's Encyclopaedia of World Comics declares him to have "spear-headed the post World War II renaissance of European comic art". French philosopher Michel Serres noted that the 23 Tintin albums constituted a "chef-d'oeuvre" to which "the work of no French novelist is comparable in importance or greatness".

Awards

The Dalai Lama with a copy of Tintin in Tibet in Esperanto.On June 1, 2006, the Dalai Lama bestowed the International Campaign for Tibet's Light of Truth award upon the character of Tintin, along with South African Archbishop Desmond Tutu. The award was in recognition of Hergé's book Tintin in Tibet, which the Executive Director of ICT Europe Tsering Jampa noted was "(f)or many ... their introduction to the awe-inspiring landscape & culture of Tibet". In 2001 the Hergé Foundation demanded the recall of the Chinese translation of the work, which had been released with the title Tintin in China's Tibet. The work was subsequently published with the correct translation of the title. Accepting on behalf of the Hergé Foundation, Hergé's widow Fanny Rodwell declared: "We never thought that this story of friendship would have a resonance more than 40 years later".

Quotations
Charles de Gaulle once said "My only international rival is Tintin.

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